Ishuri ryaratubeshye: Afurika « ntiyagenderaga ku mvugo z’uruhererekanemvugo gusa » no kwandika bari babizi

HAKIZIMANA Maurice

Ishuri ryaratubeshye: Afurika « ntiyagenderaga ku mvugo z’uruhererekanemvugo gusa » no kwandika bari babizi. Twari twifitiye « uburyo bwacu bwo kwandika »! Ntabwo ari umukoloni wazanye inyuguti ku mugabane wa Afurika. Ndabigusobanurira.

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Yego wabyumvise neza. Afurika « ntiyagenderaga ku mvugo z’uruhererekanemvugo gusa » nk’uko byagiye bisubirwamo n’abiyita abahanga (baba ab’iburayi ndetse n’abanyafurika ) bakabyigisha mu mashuri abanza ayisumbuye na za kaminuza tukabimira bunguri! Birababaje kuba n’abahanga bacu batarabashije kubyerekana ahubwo bagafunga umwuka bagasubiramo nka za Kasuku ibyo batamitswe na ba rutuku! [Aha turavuga incabwenge mu by’iyigandimi, abahanga mu kibonezamvugo n’ubuvanganzo b’Abanyafurika, by’umwihariko].

Abagikomeje gukwirakwiza icyo gitekerezo babiterwa wenda ahari ni uko batazi cyangwa batumva ihame fatizo rigenderwaho mu buryo bwo kwandika cyangwa se babikora ku bwende. Uburyo bwo kwandika (système d’écriture) bwa Afurika bwahozeho kandi hari inyandiko zanditse mu buryo bwo kwandika bwa kera cyane kurusha ubundi bwose mu Mateka ya Muntu ku isi. Si abazungu bahimbye kwandika!

Ngo”uburyo bwo kwandika”?

Uburyo bwo kwandika ni iki? Ni uburyo bwo guharatura,gushushanya,cyangwa kwandika urusobe rw’amajwi yo mu rurimi runaka cyangwa ubuhanga bwo kubika ibitekerezo binyuze mu kubishushanya cyangwa kubIharatura cyangwa gukora utumenyetso twabikwibutsa byumvikanyweho ku buryo aho ubibonye (ubisomye) uhita wibuka bya bitekerezo. Mu gifaransa bizwi ku nyito nka graphèmes, signes na symboles. Ubwo rero uburyo bwo kwandika si za nyuguti za alufabe twigishijwe mu ishuri bwonyine.

Ingero z’uburyo bwo kwandika bw’umwimerere ku banyafurika bwa kera cyane mu mateka

1) Amuharike: inyuguti zo muri Etiyopiya na Eritereya

Amuharike ni ururimi rwo muri Etiyopiya yose n’igice cyo mu majyepfo ya Eritereya y’ubu. Ni ururimi gakondo rwa ba kavukire baho (zirikana ko abaturage bitwa Amhara bangana na miliyoni 29 nk’uko ibarura rya 2018 ribigaragaza).Amhara kandi ni ururimi-muzi izindi ndimi nto z’amoko 85 zishingiyeho harimo izizwi cyane nka Oromo, Tigrinya na Gurague (ari nazo zivugwa na benshi nyuma ya Amuharike).

2) Tifinagh: Alufabe yaba Tuwarege (abaturage ba Sahel na Sahara)

Igi tifinagh ni uburyo bw’imyandikire  bukoreshwa n’abaturage b’aba Beribere mu kwandika ururimi rwabo rwitwa igi tamazight. Ni imyandikire gakondo ikomoka mu ndimi z’aba Beribere bo mu majyepfo ya Alijeriya na Nijeri, iyo mu ba Tuwarege, nayo ifite inkomoko ku ki  Libike  — ururimi rw’aba Beribere bo mu majyaruguru rwa kera cyane rwazimye  — uko bigaragara rukaba rwari rufitanye isano n’igi Tifinagh cya kera cyo muri Sahara, kuko bishushe kimwe. Mu binyejana byinshi uruhurirane rw’indimi z’aba Tuwarege (Sahara ya Alijeriya, Libiya, Mali na Nijeriya ) rwagumanye ubwo buryo gakondo bw’imyandikire ya Kinyafurika itavangiwe.

3) Adinkra – ururimi rwanditse mu tunyuguti tw’utumenyetso tugikoreshwa na magingo aya n’abaturage b’aba Akan (muri Ghana, Kote divwari, Golufe ya Guineya)

Inyuguti za Adinkra ni utunyuguti tw’utumenyetso  dukomoka muri Afurika yo mu burengerazuba twerekana neza uburyo gakondo bw’imyandikire mu mvugo shusho (aphorismes). Ubwo buryo bwahimbwe n’abaturage b’aba Akan kera cyane.

4) Shü-mom: Imyandikire y’aba Bamoun,abaturage gakondo ba Kameruni, uburyo bwahimbwe n’umwami wabo wa kera cyane-Nyagasani Njoya

 Imyandikire y’aba bamoune nanone bitwa aba bamoum yitwa Shü-mom izwi nk’imyandikire ya nyagasani Njoya umwami wa Kameruni ya kera, ni uburyo bw’imyandikire bwateye imbere cyane mu bwoko bw’aba Bamoun bo muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba.

5) Hari kandi Suūdᾱnī, Sahrᾱwī, Sūqī, Maghribī, Sharqī: imyandikire y’indimi gakondo zo mu bwami bugari bwa Mali dusanfa ku ri za nyandiko za kera cyane zandikishijwe intoki zizwi nk’inyandiko za Tombouctou (zo mu kinyejana cya 16)

Izo eshatu (nimero 1,2 na 3) zibanza ni uburyo bw’imyandikire bukiriho kandi bugikoreshwa kuva mu bihe bitarondoreka kugeza uyu munsi. Uburyo bw’imyandikire bw’iki Bamoun hamwe n’ubwo mu nyandiko za kera cyane zandikishijwe intoki zarokotse ibihe ziracyarinzwe neza n’ibyo bihugu bibiri nyamara ntibigeze babitwigisha mu ishuri.

Umwanzuro

Mu kwanzura, navuga ko ikinyoma cy’uko «Abanyafurika bose batari bazi kwandika,ko babikaga ibyabo byose mu ruhererekanemvugo gusa » ari ikinyoma cyambaye ubusa. Abanyafurika bari bazi kwandika ntibabyigishijwe n’abanyaburayi babakolonije. Mu duce tumwe na tumwe ni byo koko ntibari bazi kwandika ariko kuvuga ko umugabane wose wa Afurika wigishijwe kwandika n’abazungu ni ugukabya no kwikuza gusa. Abakibisubiramo bakwiriye gushidikanya ku bumenyi bwabo cyangwa ku bunyangamugayo bwabo.

Iyi si,

HAKIZIMANA Maurice:  II Kunkurikira kuri WhatsApp  Whatsapp https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaCyM5ILdQejDYwQ2b2u II  Kunkurikira kuri page facebook: https://www.facebook.com/professormaurice/