Yanditswe na HAKIZIMANA Maurice
IMANZA zo mu bihe bya kera zizwi cyane nka rwo ni nke, niba zinahari. Inkuru enye zo muri Bibiliya zitwa Amavanjiri, zivuga mu magambo arambuye iby’ukuntu Yesu Kristo yafashwe, agacirwa urubanza hanyuma akicwa. Kuki urwo rubanza rwagombye kudushishikaza?
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Ni uko Yesu yasabye abigishwa be kujya bizihiza urupfu rwe, ibyo bikaba bituma urubanza rwatumye yicwa rugira agaciro kenshi. Nanone twagombye kumenya niba ibyo Yesu yaregwaga ari ukuri cyangwa ibinyoma. Nanone, urwo rubanza rwagombye kudushishikaza kubera ko kuba Yesu yaratanze ubuzima bwe ho igitambo ku bushake, bidufitiye akamaro cyane kandi bikaba ari na byo ubuzima bwacu bw’igihe kizaza bushingiyeho. Bibiliya muri—Luka 22:19; Yohana 6:40.
Uko byari byifashe mu gihugu
Igihe Yesu yacirwaga urubanza, Palesitina yari intara yategekwaga n’Abaroma bari Abakoloni babo. Abaroma bemereraga abayobozi b’idini bo mu nzego z’ibanze gucira Abayahudi imanza hakurikijwe amategeko yabo, ariko ntibabemereraga kwica ababaga bakoze ibyaha. Ngiyo impamvu yatumye Yesu afatwa n’abayobozi b’idini ry’Abayahudi bamwangaga, ariko akicwa n’Abaroma. Umurimo wo kubwiriza Yesu yakoraga wabangamiye cyane abayobozi b’idini bo mu gihe cye, ku buryo bafashe umwanzuro w’uko yagombaga kwicwa. Ariko kandi, bifuzaga ko abantu babona ko urupfu rwe rwari rukurikije amategeko.
Hari umwarimu muri kaminuza wigisha ibirebana n’amategeko wasesenguye ibyo bakoze byose kugira ngo bagere kuri iyo ntego yo kumwica, maze avuga ko bakoze “icyaha gikomeye kurusha ibindi byose byakozwe mu mateka y’ubucamanza.”
Urubanza rutakurikije amategeko
Abantu bakunze kuvuga ko Amategeko Mose yahaye Abisirayeli “ari yo mategeko agenga inzego z’ubutabera meza cyane kandi asobanutse neza kurusha andi yabayeho.” Icyakora mu gihe cya Yesu, ba Rabi bakabyaga kugendera ku mategeko, bari barongereyeho andi mategeko atagira ingano ataboneka muri Bibiliya, amenshi muri yo akaba yaraje kwandikwa mu gitabo kirimo amategeko y’idini ry’Abayahudi cyitwa Talmud.
Amategeko yo muri Bibiliya n’atari ayo muri Bibiliya yakurikijwe mu rubanza rwa Yesu
Ese mbere yo gufata Yesu, haba hari abatangabuhamya babiri bamushinje icyaha imbere y’urukiko, kandi ubuhamya bwabo bukaba bwarahuzaga? Ubundi ni uko byagombye kuba byaragenze, iyo aza kuba yarafashwe mu buryo buhuje n’amategeko.
Muri Palesitina yo mu kinyejana cya mbere, Umuyahudi wabaga yumva ko hari itegeko ryishwe, yashyikirizaga ikirego cye urukiko mu gihe rwabaga ruteranye mu bihe bisanzwe. Inkiko ntizahitaga ziburanisha ibyo byaha, ahubwo zahitaga zikora iperereza ku byaha zashyikirijwe. Abatangabuhamya biboneye icyo cyaha gikorwa ni bo bonyine bashoboraga gushinja ukekwaho icyaha. Abacamanza batangiraga gukurikirana iby’urwo rubanza ari uko habonetse abatangabuhamya nibura babiri, kandi ubuhamya bwabo bukaba buhuza. Ubuhamya bwabo ni bwo bwagaragazaga ko ikirego gifite ishingiro, ibyo bigatuma uregwa afatwa. Nta buhamya bw’umuntu umwe bwemerwaga
“Umuntu umwe ntahagije ngo ashinje umuntu ikosa cyangwa icyaha icyo ari cyo cyose yaba yakoze.Ikintu cyose kizajya cyemerwa ari uko cyahamijwe n’abantu babiri cyangwa batatu.(Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 19:15).
Icyakora mu rubanza rwa Yesu, abayobozi b’Abayahudi bishakiye gusa “uburyo bwiza” bwo kumwikiza. Yafashwe ari uko habonetse “uburyo bwiza,” ni ukuvuga nijoro kandi “nta bantu benshi bahari.”—Luka 22:2, 5, 6, 53.
Igihe Yesu yafatwaga, nta cyaha yaregwaga. Abatambyi n’abagize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi batangiye gushakisha ibimenyetso ari uko bamaze kumufata (Matayo 26:59). Ntibashoboye kubona ubuhamya bw’abatangabuhamya babiri buhuza. Nyamara gushakisha abatangabuhamya ntibyari mu nshingano z’urukiko.
Umwanditsi akaba n’umuhanga mu by’amategeko witwa Taylor Innes, yavuze ko “gucira umuntu urubanza, cyane cyane urubanza rushobora kumwicisha, hatabanje kugaragazwa icyaha aregwa na byo ubwabyo ni icyaha gikomeye.”
Abantu bari bafashe Yesu bamujyanye mu nzu ya Ana wari warigeze kuba Umutambyi Mukuru, maze atangira kumuhata ibibazo (Luka 22:54; Yohana 18:12, 13).
Icyo gihe Ana yishe itegeko ryavugaga ko ibyaha byashoboraga kwicisha umuntu byagombaga kuburanishwa ku manywa, aho kuba nijoro. Nanone kandi, gukusanya amakuru byagombaga gukorerwa mu ruhame, aho gukorerwa mu muhezo.
Kubera ko Yesu yari azi ko kuba Ana yaramuhase ibibazo bitari bihuje n’amategeko, yaramubajije ati “urambariza iki? Baza abumvise ibyo nababwiye. Dore aba bose bazi ibyo navuze” (Yohana 18:21)! Icyo gihe Ana yagombye kuba yarabazaga abatangabuhamya, aho kubaza uregwa. Ayo magambo ya Yesu yashoboraga gutuma umucamanza w’inyangamugayo yubahiriza amategeko, ariko ibyo kubahiriza amategeko nta cyo byari bibwiye Ana.
Icyo gisubizo cya Yesu cyatumye umwe mu bari bamurinze amukubita urushyi, kandi hari n’ibindi bikorwa by’urugomo yakorewe iryo joro (Luka 22:63; Yohana 18:22). Itegeko riboneka mu Kubara igice cya 35 rivuga ibirebana n’imigi y’ubuhungiro, rivuga ko uwaregwaga atagombaga kugirirwa nabi, igihe cyose yabaga atarahamwa n’icyaha. Yesu na we yagombye kuba yararinzwe ibikorwa nk’ibyo.
Icyo gihe noneho abafashe Yesu bamujyanye mu nzu y’Umutambyi mukuru Kayafa, aho urwo rubanza rudakurikije amategeko rwakomereje muri iryo joro (Luka 22:54; Yohana 18:24). Aho ni ho abatambyi birengagije amahame yose agenga ubutabera, bashakisha “ibirego by’ibinyoma byo gushinja Yesu kugira ngo babone uko bamwica,” ariko nta batangabuhamya babiri babonetse ngo bashinje Yesu ibyo yavuze, kandi ngo ubuhamya bwabo bube buhuje (Matayo 26:59; Mariko 14:56-59).
Ku bw’ibyo, umutambyi mukuru yashatse uko yategera Yesu mu magambo. Yabajije Yesu ati “ese nta cyo usubiza ku byo aba bakurega? Ibyo aba bagushinja ni ibiki” (Mariko 14:60)? Ayo mayeri ntiyari ahuje na gato n’amategeko.
Innes twigeze kuvuga, yaravuze ati “guhata ibibazo uregwa maze ukamucira urubanza ushingiye ku byo ashubije, byari binyuranyije n’ubutabera nyakuri.”
Amaherezo iryo teraniro ryafatiye Yesu mu magambo yavuze. Igihe Yesu yari abajijwe ati “ese ni wowe Kristo Umwana wa Nyir’ugusingizwa?,” yarashubije ati “ndi we, kandi muzabona Umwana w’umuntu yicaye iburyo bwa Nyir’ububasha, aje ku bicu byo mu ijuru.” Abatambyi bahise bumvikanisha ko ubwo yari akoze icyaha cyo gutuka Imana, maze “bose bamuciraho iteka bavuga ko akwiriye gupfa.”—Mariko 14:61-64.b
Dukurikije Amategeko ya Mose, imanza zagombaga kuburanishirizwa mu ruhame (Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 16:18; Rusi 4:1). Nyamara urwo rubanza rwo rwarimo rucibwa mu muhezo.
Nta muntu n’umwe wigeze agerageza kuvuganira Yesu, kandi nta n’uwigeze abyemererwa. Ntibigeze basuzuma ibimenyetso byemeza ko Yesu ari Mesiya koko, nk’uko yabivugaga. Yesu ntiyigeze ahabwa umwanya wo guhamagaza abatangabuhamya bamushinjura. Abacamanza ntibigeze batora nk’uko byari bisanzwe, kugira ngo hamenyekane abamwemeza icyaha n’abamugira umwere.
Ajyanwa imbere ya Pilato
Abayahudi bashobora kuba nta bubasha bwo kwica Yesu bari bafite, iyo ikaba ari yo mpamvu bamujyanye kwa Pontiyo Pilato wari guverineri w’Umuroma (umukoloni).
Pilato yabanje kubaza ati “ni iki murega uyu muntu?” Kubera ko Abayahudi bari bazi ko ikirego cy’ikinyoma bashinjaga Yesu cyo gutuka Imana nta gaciro cyari kugira imbere ya Pilato, bakoze uko bashoboye kugira ngo Pilato acire Yesu urubanza nta perereza rikozwe. Baramubwiye bati “iyo uyu muntu aba atakoze nabi, ntitwari kumukuzanira” (Yohana 18:29, 30). Pilato yahise abamagana, bituma Abayahudi bashakisha ikindi kirego bamurega.
Baravuze bati “uyu muntu twamusanze agandisha abaturage, ababuza guha Kayisari umusoro, kandi avuga ko ari we Kristo umwami” (Luka 23:2).
Nguko uko bahinduye ikirego bamuregaga cyo gutuka Imana, bakavuga ko ashaka guhirika ubutegetsi, ibyo byose bakaba barabikoranye ubucakura.
Ikirego cy’uko ‘yabuzaga [abantu] gutanga umusoro’ nta shingiro cyari gifite, kandi n’abamuregaga bari babizi. Yesu yigishaga abantu ibihabanye n’ibyo (Matayo 22:15-22). Naho ku birebana n’ikirego cy’uko Yesu yigize umwami, Pilato ntiyatinze kubona ko uwo mugabo wari umuhagaze imbere nta kaga yari ateje ubutegetsi bw’Abaroma. Yaravuze ati “nta cyaha mubonyeho” (Yohana 18:38). Mu gihe cyose urubanza rwamaze, Pilato ntiyahwemye kugaragaza ko nta cyaha amubonaho.
Pilato yabanje kugerageza kumurekura ashingiye ku mugenzo wariho wo kurekura imfungwa kuri Pasika. Nyamara yaje kurekura Baraba wari ufunzwe azira ibikorwa byo kwigomeka n’ubwicanyi.—Luka 23:18, 19; Yohana 18:39, 40.
Noneho uwo guverineri w’Umuroma yagerageje kurekura Yesu bishingiye ku bwumvikane. Yategetse ko akubitwa ibiboko, yambikwa umwitero w’isine n’ikamba ry’amahwa hanyuma baranamukwena. Pilato yongeye kwemeza ko Yesu ari umwere. Ni nk’aho Pilato yababwiye ati “ubu koko mwa batambyi mwe, ibi ntibihagije?” Ashobora kuba yari yizeye ko nibabona ibiboko Abaroma bari bakubise uwo mugabo, bari kumva banyuzwe, cyangwa bikaba byatuma bamugirira impuhwe (Luka 23:22). Nyamara si ko byagenze.
Bibiliya igira iti ‘Pilato akomeza gushaka uko yarekura [Yesu]. Ariko Abayahudi barasakuza bati “nurekura uyu muntu, uraba utari incuti ya Kayisari. Umuntu wese wigize umwami aba avuze nabi Kayisari”’ (Yohana 19:12).
Kayisari wategekaga icyo gihe ni Tiberiyo, akaba yari umwami w’abami wari uzwiho kwica umuntu wese yumvaga ko ari umugambanyi, kabone n’iyo yabaga ari umutegetsi mukuru. N’ubundi kandi, Pilato yari yararakaje Abayahudi na mbere yaho, ku buryo atashakaga kongera kwiteranya na bo, dore ko icyo gihe bamuregaga ubugambanyi. Hari akaga kari kihishe inyuma y’ayo magambo iyo mbaga y’abantu yavugaga. Ni nk’aho bamushyizeho iterabwoba bamubwira ko natamutanga ngo yicwe bimukoraho, kandi icyo cyari ikirego Pilato yatinyaga. Yaje kuva ku izima, maze ategeka ko Yesu amanikwa kandi arengana.—Yohana 19:16.
Isesengura ry’ibimenyetso
Impuguke nyinshi mu by’amategeko zasesenguye inkuru z’Amavanjiri zivuga iby’urubanza rwa Yesu, maze zigera ku mwanzuro w’uko yarenganye. Hari umuhanga mu by’amategeko wavuze ati:
“Kuba urubanza nk’urwo rwaratangiye kuburanishwa mu gicuku rukarangizwa mu gitondo akaba ari na bwo rusomwa, byari binyuranyije n’amategeko y’Abaheburayo n’amahame agenga ubutabera.”
Undi mwarimu wigisha amategeko muri kaminuza yaravuze ati:
“Urwo rubanza rwose ntirwakurikije amategeko kandi rwarimo amakosa adasanzwe, ku buryo twavuga ko abacamanza ari bo bishe Yesu.”
Nubwo Yesu yari umwere, yari azi ko yagombaga gupfa kugira ngo abantu bumvira bazabone agakiza (Matayo 20:28). Yakundaga ubutabera cyane, ku buryo byatumye yemera kugerwaho n’akarengane gakomeye kabayeho mu mateka. Ibyo byose yabikoreye twebwe abanyabyaha, icyo kikaba ari ikintu tutagombye kwibagirwa na rimwe.
Amategeko y’Abayahudi mu binyejana bya mbere
Abantu bemeza ko imigenzo itanditse y’Abayahudi yaje gushyirwa mu nyandiko mu binyejana bya mbere byakurikiye ivuka rya Yesu, ari iya kera cyane. Iyo migenzo yarimo amategeko akurikira:
▪ Mu manza zishobora gutuma uregwa akatirwa urwo gupfa, bagombaga kubanza gutega amatwi abatangabuhamya bashinjura
▪ Abacamanza bagombaga gukora uko bashoboye kose kugira ngo barenganure uregwa
▪ Abacamanza bagombaga kuburanira uregwa, aho kumushinja
▪ Abatangabuhamya bahabwaga umuburo ubibutsa ko bafite inshingano ikomeye
▪ Buri mutangabuhamya yumvwaga ukwe, nta wundi mutangabuhamya uhari
▪ Abatangabuhamya bagombaga guhuza ku bintu byose by’ingenzi, ni ukuvuga amatariki, ahantu, isaha icyaha cyakorewe n’ibindi
▪ Imanza zishobora gutuma uregwa akatirwa urwo gupfa, zaburanishwaga ku manywa kandi zikarangizwa ku manywa
▪ Imanza zishobora gutuma uregwa akatirwa urwo gupfa, ntizashoboraga kuba ku munsi ubanziriza Isabato, cyangwa ku munsi mukuru
▪ Imanza zishobora gutuma uregwa akatirwa urwo gupfa, zashoboraga kuburanishwa umunsi umwe zikanarangizwa kuri uwo munsi mu gihe uregwa yabaga yatsinze. Icyakora iyo uregwa yabaga yatsinzwe, urubanza rwarangizwaga bukeye bwaho, ari na bwo rwasomwaga kandi igihano kigahita gitangwa
▪ Imanza z’ibyaha byatuma umuntu akatirwa urwo gupfa, zaburanishwaga n’abacamanza nibura 23.
▪ Buri mucamanza yaratoraga akagaragaza niba uregwa arengana cyangwa ahamwa n’icyaha, ibyo bigakorwa bahereye ku mucamanza ukiri muto. Abanditsi bandikaga amagambo yavuzwe n’abacamanza bamugira umwere n’ay’abamuhamya icyaha.
▪ Kugira ngo uregwa ahanagurweho icyaha, umubare w’abemeza ko ari umwere wagombaga kuba uruta uw’abamuhamya icyaha ho umuntu umwe. Ariko kugira ngo uregwa ahamwe n’icyaha, umubare w’abakimuhamya wagombaga kuba uruta uw’abamugira umwere ho abantu babiri. Iyo abamuhamya icyaha babaga baruta abemeza ko ari umwere ho umuntu umwe, bagendaga bongeraho abacamanza babiri, kugeza igihe hafatiwe umwanzuro uhuje n’amategeko
▪ Iyo abacamanza bose bahamyaga icyaha uregwa nta n’umwe muri bo nibura uvuga ko ari umwere, umwanzuro wabo nta gaciro wabaga ufite. Iyo abacamanza bose bamuhamyaga icyaha, byafatwaga nk’“ubugambanyi”
Akarengane kabaye mu rubanza rwa Yesu
▪ Urukiko ntirwigeze rwumva ibitekerezo bimushinjura cyangwa ubuhamya bumushinjura
▪ Nta mucamanza n’umwe wagerageje kurenganura Yesu, kuko bose bari abanzi be
▪ Abatambyi bashatse abatangabuhamya b’ibinyoma, kugira ngo Yesu akatirwe urwo gupfa
▪ Urubanza rwe rwabaye nijoro mu muhezo
▪ Urubanza rwe rwabaye umunsi umwe rurangizwa uwo munsi, buri bucye hakaba umunsi mukuru
▪ Nta birego byashyikirijwe urukiko mbere y’uko Yesu afatwa
▪ Kuba Yesu yaravuze ko ari Mesiya byiswe ‘gutuka Imana,’ nyamara nta wigeze asuzuma niba icyo kirego gifite ishingiro
▪ Igihe urubanza rwari rumaze gushyikirizwa Pilato, ibirego Yesu yaregwaga byarahindutse
▪ Ibyo bamuregaga byari ibinyoma
▪ Pilato yasanze Yesu ari umwere, ariko aranga yemera ko yicwa
Abatangabuhamya bagombaga kuryozwa amaraso y’uwakatiwe urwo gupfa
Mu manza zashoboraga gutuma uregwa akatirwa urwo gupfa, inkiko z’Abayahudi zahaga umuburo ukurikira ababaga biteguye gushinja uregwa, mbere yo gutanga ubuhamya:
“Mushobora kuba mugiye gutanga ubuhamya mushingiye ku byo mukeka ko byabaye, ibihuha, cyangwa ku byo umutangabuhamya umwe yabwiye undi, cyangwa se mukaba mwibwira muti ‘twabyumvanye umuntu twizeye.’ Mushobora nanone kuba mutazi ko turi buze kubahata ibibazo kandi tugasuzuma ibyo muvuga. Mwagombye kumenya ko amategeko agenga imanza z’imitungo, atandukanye n’agenga imanza zishobora gutuma umuntu akatirwa urwo gupfa. Mu rubanza rw’umutungo, uregwa yishyura amafaranga y’ibyo yatwaye bityo agahanagurwaho icyaha. Ariko mu manza zishobora gutuma umuntu akatirwa urwo gupfa, amaraso [y’uregwa] n’amaraso y’abari kuzamukomokaho [ni ukuvuga uwaciriwe urubanza arengana], aryozwa [uwamushinje ibinyoma].”—Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin, 37a.
Iyo uregwa yahamwaga n’icyaha, abamushinje ni bo bagombaga kumwica.—Abalewi 24:14; Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 17:6, 7.
Iyi si
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