Mwalimu HAKIZIMANA Maurice
Mu gitabo UTABA AMATEKA NTABONA ITAKA cya Mwalimu Hakizimana Maurice kuva ku ipaji ya 352 kugeza ku ya 365 dusomamo inkuru irambuye ivuga ku buzima bwa Nyakubahwa Gregoire Kayibanda perezida wa 1 wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda. Muri iyi nyandiko tugiye kubasangiza ako gace k’icyo gitabo cy’ubushakashatsi.
1.Porofeseri Grégoire Kayibanda ni muntu ki?
Grégoire Kayibanda yavutse tariki ya 1/5/1924 avukira i Tare mu majyepfo y’u Rwanda. Ni mwene Léonidas Rwamanywa, na Caroline Nyirambeba bo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu. Ababyeyi be babyaye abana 13 hapfamo 8 harokoka 5 gusa. Umuryango we washakiye ihumure mu ivanjiri hakiri kare ku mwaduko w’abazungu, maze bituma uyu mwana wabo Grégoire Kayibanda agira amahirwe yo kwiga.
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Porofeseri Gregoire Kayibanda
Amashuri abanza yayize mu cyaro cy’iwabo i Tare (1932-1934) ariko ayarangiriza i Kabgayi (1934-1937). Yarangije amashuri abanza ari umuhanga cyane ariko kuko abana b’Abahutu n’abatwa icyo gihe batagiraga amahirwe yo kujya mu mashuri yisumbuye ya Leta make cyane yari mu gihugu, nibyo byatumye muri 1937 abapadiri bamugirira impuhwe bamwandika gukomereza ayisumbuye mu iseminari nto y’i Kabgayi (Saint-Léon).
Iseminari yayirangije mu mwaka 1943, nayo ayirangiza ari umuhanga cyane bitangaje, bituma akomereza Kaminuza mu iseminari Nkuru ya Nyakibanda kuva tariki ya 28 Ukuboza 1944, iri mu cyaro cyitaruye umugi wa Butare. Icyo gihe niyo Kaminuza yonyine yabagaho mu gihugu, kandi ni mbarwa bayikandagiragamo. Bigeze tariki ya 15 Ugushyingo 1948, yabaye porofeseri (umwarimu w’umwuga) aho kuba umupadiri ariko akomeza cyane ubukirisitu yatojwe na Kiliziya Gatulika.
Tariki 20 Mutarama 1949, Grégoire Kayibanda yabaye porofeseri mu ishuri ryisumbuye Institut Léon Classe aho yahawe kwigisha amasomo rusange menshi icyarimwe : Igifaransa, Amateka, Ubumenyi bw’isi, n’Iyobokama.
Ikigo Institut Léon Classe cyashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1944 i Kigali, rikaba ishuri ryisumbuye ryari rigezweho ryigisha ubumenyi-ngiro. Nyuma yaho niryo ryaje kwitwa, kuva muri 1952, École Technique Officielle (ETO). Muri iki gihe, ni ishuri rikuru mu yandi ritanga ubumenyi-ngiro.
Verediana Mukagatare (ibumoso) ari kumwe n’umugabo we prof Gregoire Kayibanda. (Ifoto yijimye)
Porofeseri Grégoire Kayibanda yashakanye na Vérédiana Mukagatare ku itariki ya 25 Gicurasi 1950. Vérédiana Mukagatare avuka ku babyeyi bavanze, umwe w’umuhutu n’undi w’umutwa, akaba yarakuze akoreshwa uburetwa n’ubuja mu miryango y’abatutsi b’iwabo. Amaze gukura, ababyeyi be bamushyingiye iyi mpirimbanyi y’uburenganzira bwa rubanda rugufi. Igihe yashyingiranywaga na Gregoire Kayibanda na nyuma yaho, Vérédiana yahishaga cyane ko hari aho ahuriye n’ubwoko bw’abatwa, ubwoko bwanenwaga na benshi, kandi umugabo we yahinduje umwirondoro we agumana ubuhutu gusa. (Akyeampong, Emmanuel K. ; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (1 de janeiro de 2011). «Dictionary of African Biography». doi:10. 1093/acref/9780195382075. 001. 0001. Consultado em 6 de novembro de 2021)
2. Imirimo yakoreye igihugu ku ngoma ya cyami mbere cyane yo kwinjira muri politike
Mu mwaka wa 1953, Porofeseri Grégoire Kayibanda yoherejwe i Kabgayi gukora mu Biro by’Ubugenzuzi bw’Amashuri mu Ishami rishinzwe Guhimba no Kwandika ibitabo by’imfashanyigisho bikenewe mu bana b’u Rwanda.
Nk’umuhanga akaba n’umwanditsi w’Ibitabo, yashinze Ishyirahamwe ry’Abarimu 2000 yise AMR (Association des Moniteurs). Yanashinze ikinyamakuru cy’Uburezi azajya yandikamo ubuhanga bwafasha abarimu b’u Rwanda acyita Kurerera Imana (“Éduquer pour Dieu”).
Igihe Leta (icyo gihe hari ku ngoma ya Cyami ikorana n’Ingoma ya Gikolonize) yasohoraga umushinga w’itegeko ritandukanya Uburezi n’Idini (la laïcisation des écoles), rya shyirahamwe rye AMR ryanditse impuruza (répétition) yasinyweho n’ababyeyi ibihumbi ijana 100 000 babwira Leta ya Cyami n’iya Gikolonize ko bazarwanya iryo tegeko mu myigarambyo karundura kuko bakeneye amashuri n’uburezi byubakiye ku kwemera Imana.
Mu mwaka wa 1952 i Kabgayi hashingiwe imiryango remezo ya Kiliziya Gatulika ibiri ariyo Lejiyo Mariya (Ingabo za Mariya) n’Umutima-Mutagati (Sacré-Cœur). Porofeseri Grégoire Kayibanda yatorewe na Kiliziya kuba Perezida wa mbere wa Lejiyo Mariya.
Mu gitabo Pour vous mes frères: Vie de Grégoire Kayibanda, premier Président du Rwanda, Pierre Téqui, Paris, 1994 havugwamo ko muri notes ze bwite zabonetse muri kamwe mu dutabo twe duto (carnets) yandikagamo buri munsi, Porofeseri Grégoire Kayibanda ubwe yanditsemo n’umukono we ati:
« Bigitangira sinakundaga imikorere y’ abalejiyo mu muryango wa Kiliziya Gatulika. Nabonaga ibintu byabo bikakaye, bikambera imbogamizi nk’umuntu washakaga guhanga ibishya bijyanye n’ibikenewe kandi bizagira aho bigeza abantu… Ariko iyo nabonaga ukuntu abantu bacengerwa vuba n’inyigisho z’ububyutse –zahuzaga n’impano zanjye –nkabona ukuntu rubanda rugufi runyotewe n’inyigisho, narabikundaga, kandi nibyo byatumye nkorana imbaraga zanjye zose ngo njijure rubanda rwa giseseka».
Akigera ku Buyobozi bw’ibiro by’Ubugenzuzi bw’Amashuri mu Ishami rishinzwe Guhimba no Kwandika ibitabo by’imfashanyigisho bikenewe mu bana b’u Rwanda i Kabgayi, porofeseri Grégoire Kayibanda yatangije ibikorwa byinshi bigamije impinduramatwara mbonezamubano. Asobanura ibyo guhirimbana kwe yagize ati
« Mu gihugu gitwaza inkota rubanda rugufi… igihugu kiyoboza inkoni y’icyuma abaturage, igihugu cyuzuyemo ivangurabwoko mu rwego rwo hejuru … iyo niyicarira gutyo gusa ngakora akazi kanjye nkarya nkaryama, nari kuzashiduka mpinduwe ubusa ngapfa ubusa … Nahisemo kuba impirimbanyi nkangura igihugu cyanjye ngo kive mu bitotsi gihumuke kirebe imbere, hari amahirwe menshi yari imbere y’abaturage bazahitamo kujijuka … natangiye mpera ku banyegereye bose mbonana ubushobozi ariko bagisinziriye cyangwa batazi aho ibihe bigeze … nkabafasha gutekereza ku byo rubanda ibegereye ikeneye, nkabasunikira gutinyuka no gufasha abaturage mu byo bakenera mu buzima busanzwe. (…) Ntekereza ko ari ihamagarwa ryanjye, mu gihugu cyari kikishakisha, kikiri mu isiza, kigica imisingi yo kuzubakaho igihe nikigera cyo gutangura kubaka igihugu gishya kandi ntibyari kera ».
Kuva mu kwezi kwa Kamena 1953 kugeza mu kuboza 1954, Grégoire Kayibanda yatangiye kuba umwanditsi mukuru w’ikinyamakuru cyitwa L’ami (incuti), cyari cyarashinzwe muri 1945 na Padiri Pierre Boutry, ikinyamakuru cyari kigenewe Abanyabwenge n’Intiti zo mu Rwanda. Aka kazi gashya kiyongeraga ku kandi asanganywe, kamugejeje ku nyandiko z’ibanga nyinshi za Vicariat apostolique , inyandiko z’idini, inyandiko n’amategeko-teka bya politike, n’Amateka y’Amabanga y’Ingoma.
Ikinyamakuru L’ami cyahise gihinduka urubuga rwiza kandi rw’abanyabwenge rwayoboraga ibitekerezo by’abatuye Akarere kose. Impirimbanyi Porofeseri Grégoire Kayibanda wandikanaga ubwenge bwinshi n’amagambo yatoranyijwe neza yatangiye gukangura abantu abereka ubusumbane buri mu Ngoma ya Cyami, no mu Ngoma Mbiligi ya Gikolonize, ubusumbane mu mibereho mbonezamubano isanzwe, ubusumbane mu myanya y’ubutegetsi, aho ubwoko bw’Abatutsi gusa gusa ari bwo bwiganje mu nzego zose z’igihugu. Izi ngoma zombi zari zitsikamiye cyane ubwoko bw’Abahutu, ubwoko bw’abatwa,ubwoko bw’Abanyarwanda hafi ya bose. Kubona Abahutu bari mu butegetsi byari nko kubona Kibonumwe.
Grégoire Kayibanda yatangiye kubona ko burya ibyo akora bitanga umusaruro atangira kuryoherwa atyo na politike n’ubukangurambaga. Mu mwaka wa 1953, Ababiligi bamushyize mu bakandida b’Inama Ngishwanama ya sheferi, nyuma yayo azamurwa mu Nama Ngishwanama ya Teritwari.
Muri notes ze bwite zabonetse muri kamwe mu dutabo twe duto (carnets) yandikagamo buri munsi, Porofeseri Grégoire Kayibanda ubwe yanditsemo n’umukono we (nk’uko byanditswe na Paternostre de la Mairieu) ati:
« [Umu shefu mukuru uyobora Akanama Ngishwanama muri sheferi] yatangiye kunyikangamo akeka ko ntashobotse. Yari amenyereye guha amategeko atagoragozwa aba sushefu be, kandi jye sinemera uko kutagoragozwa n’igitugu bye! Icyari kindaje ishinga ni ukubona rubanda rwanjye mbarizwamo rufatwa kimwe n’abandi, kandi rwose sinari nshoboye gushyigikira Ingoma y’imitegekere ishaje kandi yananiwe »
3. Porofeseri Grégoire Kayibanda yerura akinjira mu bya politike
Grégoire Kayibanda ntiyahagurutse yinjira byeruye muri politike yeruye, yabanje, nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru, gukorera ubukangurambaga mu miryango n’amashyirahamwe asanzwe, ashinga na za koperative zisanzwe zo kuzamura imibereho myiza ya rubanda rwa giseseka.
Impamvu ni uko Itegeko ryariho icyo gihe ryashyizweho n’Ubwami bufatanyije n’Abakoloni ryabuzanyaga ishingwa n’amashyirahamwe akora ibikorwa bya politike. Yaje kwerura maze asaba byeruye ko iryo tegeko rihindurwa maze amashyirahamwe ya politike zivugira rubandarwa giseseka nayo agashingwa. Abigiranye ubwenge bwinshi, asa kandi nk’ubavugiraho, yakoze inyandiko yari igenewe Ingoma Ntutsi ya Cyami icyarimwe n’Ingoma Mbiligi ya Gikolonize, yasohotse mu Kinyamakuru L’ami yandikamo ati :
« Banyaburayi muduha amasomo, namwe bari ku Ngoma Gakondo ya Cyami mwese, ndibwira ko mutazabangamira amashyirahamwe azashingwa azaba agamije kuzana impinduramatwara zitamena amaraso nk’uko kugeza ubu amashyirahamwe ariho akora mu ituze ».
Grégoire Kayibanda ntiyategereje guhabwa uburenganzira, yahise yegeranya incuti ze za hafi ziciye akenge, bakora ishyirahamwe MSH riharanira imibereho myiza ya rubanda rw’abahutu ikandamijwe (MSH bivuga Mouvement Social Hutu) maze itangira gukora bitemewe n’amategeko ari nako akomeza gusabako amategeko ahinduka. Amaherezo, rya shyirahamwe Mouvement Social Hutu(MSH) ryaje guhabwa ubuzima gatozi tariki ya 4 mata 1958 na Leta y’Ingoma Mbiligi ya Gikolonize yari yararagijwe u Rwanda.
Hagati aho Intiti Porofeseri Grégoire Kayibanda yavuye mu by’Ubugenzuzi bw’Uburezi igihe Ubutegetsi bwa Kiliziya Gatulika bwamusabaga, kuva muri 1955, gukora mu bwanditsi bw’Ikinyamakuru cya Kiliziya Gatulika cyitwa Kinyamateka cyari kiyobowe na Padiri Arthur Dejemeppe wari igisonga cya Musenyeri Déprimoz kuva muri 1953.
Iki kinyamakuru cyo cyasomwaga na rubanda rwose mu gihugu cyose, cyabaye umuyoboro mwiza wo gusembura rubanda nyamwinshi ngo “ihaguruke iharanire ko ibintu bihinduka kandi isubizwe uburenganzira yambuwe“ cyatangiye gisohoka ari kopi nke cyane, zigera ku 5 000 ziriyongera ziratumbagira kugera kuri kopi 20 000 buri nimero.
Bwana Donat Murego mu gitabo cye Murego Donat – La révolution rwandaise 1959-1962, Publications de l’Institut des Sciences sociales, Bruxelles, 1976 Ku ipaji ya 803 n’iya 804 asobanura impamvu Kinyamateka yakundwaga cyane agira ati « Igitekerezo nyamukuru cyubakirwagaho inkuru zose zanditswemo, zaba inkuru z’ agahinda n’ishavu, zaba inkuru z’umunezero wa bamwe cyangwa iz’ibigomba gukorwa cyari amajyambere ».
Kugira bwana Grégoire Kayibanda umuyobozi mukuru n’umwanditsi mukuru wa Kinyamateka byabaye nko gutera igisasu i bwami. Ni nkaho Kiliziya Gatulika yari ihindutse ku mugaragaro umuterankunga w’ibitekerezo mpinduramatwara by’iyi mpirimbanyi Grégoire Kayibanda, bamushyize mu maboko ubuyobozi bw’Ikinyamakuru cy’intiti L’Ami n’ikinyamakuru kimwe rukumbi cya rubanda,gisomwa na bose mu gihugu, Kinyamateka cyandikwa mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda. Iki kinyamakuru cyahise gifata umurongo wo kwivumbagatanya ku Ngoma, gisaba ko abahutu abatwa n’abatutsi bose bareshyeshywa bubi na bwiza.
Mu kwa kabiri 1957, ibwami, Inama Nkuru y’igihugu (yari igizwe hafi ya yose n’abatutsi gusa) yanditse inyandiko bise Mise au point igenewe intumwa z’inzobere z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye l’ONU. Ni ku kibazo cy’ubusumbane bw’amoko, aho abatutsi babarirwaga mu 9% by’abaturage bose b’igihugu bari barihariye ubutegetsi imyaka amagana kandi bakabakoresha uburetwa, bakabakenesha, kandi bakica bagakiza. Ab’ibwami banditse iyo nyandiko ya Mise au point bari baratangiye kubona aho ibintu bigana, aho guhindura imitegekere, bahisemo guhangana n’Abazungu b’Abakoloni bari baratangiye kujya ku ruhande rwa ba Gregoire Kayibanda, maze bandikamo bati :
«Ikibazo twe dufite uyu munsi hano mu gihugu cyacu ni kimwe gusa, ni imibanire idashobotse hagati y’Abazungu n’Abirabura».
Hari aho dusoma nanone muri iyo Mise au point ngo :
« Ubukolonize bwaraje buhinduka ba nyiri igihugu maze twe abatware gakondo duhindurwa ba rukurikira izindi gusa dusigara turi abo gushyira mu ngiro ibyategetswe nabo. Uko igihe cyagiye gihita, n’ubwo guverinoma y’Abakoloni yagiye ibaha isumbwe rigaragara, iyo mikorere yo kudutegekeramo yatumye abatware gakondo bashavura baza kwisanga nta butware bagifite, nta myanzuro ireba igihugu n’ubutegetsi bwacyo bagifata »- (Murego Donat – La révolution rwandaise 1959-1962, Publications de l’Institut des Sciences sociales, Bruxelles, 1976. p751-752)
Iri kosa ibwami bakoze bandika Mise au point, niryo Grégoire Kayibanda n’abandi bayobozi b’abahutu babyaje umusaruro maze bakora inama i Gitarama ku itariki 20 Werurwe 1957, bategura inyandiko bazasinyaho bose yiswe “Note sur l’aspect social du problème racial au Rwanda” (bisobanura ngo icyo tuvuga ku kibazo cy’ubusumbane n’ivangurabwoko biri mu Rwanda) ari nayo abategetsi b’abakoloni bise Manifeste des Bahutu.
Iyi nyandiko mpuruza ntiyacaga ku ruhande, yamaganye icyo bise « colonialisme à double étage », ni ukuvuga Ubukoloni rukomatanya, aho abanyarwanda bari ku gitugu cy’Abatutsi- Nyamuke icyarimwe n’Abakoloni b’Ababiligi baragijwe u Rwanda. Bumvikanishaga ko izo ngoma zombi zibatsikamiye kandi ko zigomba kujyana.
Tariki ya 9 Nzeri 1957, Musenyeri André Perraudin (Igisonga cya Kabgayi kuva mu Kuboza 1955) yohereje Grégoire Kayibanda mu Bubiligi kwiga no kwimenyereza umwuga w’itangazamakuu ry’umwuga, aho yakoraga mu bwanditsi bw’ikinyamakuru Vers l’avenir –cyari gifite icyicaro i Namur –ariko amusinyisha ko nagaruka azakomeza gukora muri Kinyamateka. Nyuma y’amasomo y’umwaka, tariki 8 ugushyingo 1958 yagarutse mu gihugu asubira gukomeza kuba umuyobozi mukuru wa Kinyamateka kuva 25 Ugushyingo 1958.
Rya shyirahamwe ryiswe “Mouvement Social Hutu” (MSH) yari yarashinze we na bagenzi be b’abahutu baharaniraga ko ibintu bihinduka ryari ryarakomeje imirimo yaryo kandi yagiraga ibiro akoreramo imirimo yaryo.
We n’abandi baturage bafite amafaranga baba abahutu baba abatutsi bashinze ishyirahamwe ry’ubucuruzi ryitwa Trafipro (Travail, Fidélité, Progrès) ryo gufasha rubanda rwa giseseka kubona ibyo bakenera bitagoranye, kandi niwe watorewe kuba perezida waryo. Ni ishyirahamwe ryari « rigamije kugeza ibicuruzwa bikenerwa byose muri rubanda rugufi nta kubanyunyuza no kubarya imitsi bashaka inyungu z’umurengera».
Mu balejiyo Mariya yarongeye atorerwa kuba perezida wabo mu rwego rw’igihugu cyose, imyanya yamubashishaga kugera ku batware n’ibikomerezwa byose mu bice byose by’igihugu kurusha undi muntu wese. Izina Grégoire Kayibanda ryaje kumenyekana mu banyarwanda bose, muri rubanda, aboroheje n’abakomeye, ibwami no mu bakoloni. Hari abatangiye kumubonamo icyizere cy’ejo hazaza habo, kandi hatangiye kunugwanugwa ishingwa ry’ishyaka rizarengera rubanda.
Tariki ya 26 Nzeri 1959, nyuma y’uko itegeko ribuzanya amashyaka ya politike rihinduriwe, Grégoire Kayibanda yahamagaje inama y’abayobozi bakuru ba rya shyirahamwe rya Mouvement Social Hutu (MSH), maze baribyazamo ishyaka rya politike bise Parti du Mouvement de l’Émancipation des Hutu (MDR Parmehutu). Ryari ishyaka ryo guhurizamo abahutu bose mu gihugu, kuvugira rubanda igoka, y’abakene, abenshi muri bo bakaba bari abahutu. Abanyarwanda baryakiriye nk’ishyaka ry’abakene, rya rubanda rwo hasi rwose.
Tariki ya 1 ugushyingo 1959 insoresore z’abatutsi bashyigikiye ubwami badacana uwaka n’abahutu bakomye imbarutso batega sushefu w’umuhutu witwa Dominique Mbonyumutwa baramuhondagura ariko abasha kubigaranzura arabacika n’ubwo inkuru zahererekanywe muri rubanda zavugaga ko bamwishe. Nibyo byateye akaduruvayo hose, maze abahutu benshi batangira kwirara mu ngo z’abatutsi b’ibwami, abatware, aba shebuja, n’abandi, barabatwikira kandi bicamo benshi. Abahutu babanze imiheto, bafata amacumu imihoro n’amafumba biyemeza kurwanirira ubwoko bwabo n’abo bitaga abayobozi b’ubwoko bwabo.
Ingabo z’ibwami (hari hakiri ku ngoma ya cyami) zatangiye guhiga abahutu b’ingenzi no kubica mu rwego rwo guca intege ishyaka rya Parmehutu. Grégoire Kayibanda yahawe abasirikare b’abazungu bo kumurinda, ariko abandi bahutu benshi b’ingenzi bishwe ku bwinshi n’abatutsi bari bafite ubutegetsi. Ni intambara yamaze nibura ibyumweru bibiri igihugu cyose ari umwotsi umuriro amaraso n’induru.
Tariki ya 25 Ukuboza 1959, Abakoloni batangaje itegeko teka ryo kuwa 10 ugushyingo 1959 rivugurura inzego z’igihugu rikuraho inzego zose z’ubutegetsi bwa gitutsi bwa cyami. Iryo tegeko teka ryakuragaho su sheferi 544, ritegeka ko zisimbujwe amakomini 229. Hateguwe amatora ya za komini mu mezi atandatu yakurikiyeho yo gutora Inama njyanama za komini ari na zo zigomba gutora ba burugumesitiri mu bakandida bazatangwa n’umwami. Za teritwari icumi zahindutse perefegitura icumi zitegekwa na ba perefe icumi b’abanyarwanda badatorwa. Hashyizweho abagize Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu (Inteko Nshingamategeko) bafite ubutware bwungirije ubw’umwami mu gihe hagitegerejwe amatora abashyiraho mu nzira za demukarasi. Iryo tegeko teka ryemereraga amashyaka ya politike gukora no kwitegura guhatana muri ayo matora ya za komini.
Tariki ya 6 Kamena 1960, abayobozi bakuru ba Parmehutu bakoreye inama mu Ruhengeri iyobowe na perezida wabo Porofeseri Grégoire Kayibanda. Muri iyo nama niho bemereje ko ubwami bugomba guhirikwa byanze bikunze. Ni naho bitiye shyaka ryabo izina rishya Mouvement démocratique républicain (MDR) Parmehutu. Ni nabwo Grégoire Kayibanda yatangarije abanyarwanda ko bagiye kwiyamamariza imyanya myinshi muri za komini.
Kuva tariki ya 26 kamena kugeza ku itariki ya 22 Nyakanya 1960 habaye amatora ya mbere mu gihugu cyose, amatora ya za komini.
Mu gitabo cya Porofeseri François Xavier Munyarugerero, cyitwa Réseaux, pouvoirs, oppositions: la compétition politique au Rwanda, L’Harmattan, Paris, 2003 havugwamo ko mu gihugu hose abaturage batoye MDR-Parmehutuku bwinshi. Yari amatora ya mbere mu Rwanda. Urebye, ayo matora asa nk’ayacaga urubanza ko ubwami busezerewe. Umwami w’u Rwanda yari yaragiye mu rugendo muri Kongo, amatora aba adahari, kandi n’aho aharangiriye, ntiyagarutse mu gihugu.
4. Grégoire Kayibanda aba Minisitiri w’Intebe
Nyuma y’aya matora y’Abajyanama ba za komini, n’iyi ntsinzi ikomeye ya MDR Parmehutu, ku itariki ya 26 ukwakira 1960 Grégoire Kayibanda yagizwe Minisitiri w’Intebe wa mbere w’u Rwanda kandi asabwa gushyiraho guverinoma ya mbere yiswe iy’agateganyo. Yari guverinoma y’abaminisitiri 9 n’Abanyamabanga ba Leta 12 bose hamwe bakaba 21. Yagombaga kurekeramo ababiligi 8 mu rwego rwo kubaherekeza muri iyo nzibacyuho mbere y’uko bababisa byeruye.
Tariki ya 28 Mutarama 1961, ba bakuru ba za komini batowe, bose bakaba abo muri Parmehutu bongeye guteranira i Gitarama batora perezida wa Repubulika w’agateganyo, bwana Dominique Mbonyumutwa, banahimikira ku mugaragaro Grégoire Kayibanda nka Minisitiri w’Intebe.
Soma kandi:Dominique Mbonyumutwa wabaye perezida wa mbere w’agateganyo mu Rwanda, yari muntu ki?
Dominique Mbonyumutwa
Tariki 25 Nzeri 1961 nibwo habaye amatora yiswe Kamarampaka bisabwe n’umwami muri LONI, ariko nabwo Parmehutu ubwayo iyatsinda ku majwi 77, 7 % y’abatoye bose. Nguko uko ingoma ya Cyami yasezerewe byemewe n’amategeko abaharanira Repubulika babona amajwi 80 % abashaka ubwami babona 20%. Umwami yasabye ubuhungiro hanze y’u Rwanda, abatware be n’abandi batutsi hafi ya bose bahoze ku ngoma, bahisemo kumukurikira bahunga Repubulika y’abahutu bo n’imiryango yabo n’amatungo yabo.
5. Grégoire Kayibanda aba Perezida wa Repubulika
Nyuma ya Kamarampaka yo kuwa 25 nzeri 1961, Inteko ishinga amategeko yarateranye yiga ku miterere y’ubutegetsi bugomba kuyobora igihugu, maze ku itariki ya 4 ukwakira 1961 ihitamo ubutegetsi bwa ki Repubulika, aho ubutware buhabwa perezida wa Repubulika aho kuba inteko ishinga amategako nka mbere. Perezida yahawe ububasha bwo kuba umukuru w’igihugu icyarimwe n’umukuru wa guverinoma. Ubwo buryo bw’imitegekere bwatowe mu Ntekonshingamategeko n’amajwi 2/3.
Ku itariki 26 ukwakira1961 hatowe perezida wa Repubulika utari uw’agateganyo, maze inteko ihundagaza amajwi kuri Grégoire Kayibanda watowe n’amajwi 34 kuri 44. Tariki ya 1 Nyakanga 1962 asezerera Abakoloni, igihugu kibona ubwigenge.
Tariki 23 ugushyingo 1962 Inteko nshingamategeko yatoye Itegekonshinga rya mbere, ryategekaga ko kuva ubwo perezida wa Repubulika azajya atorwa mu matora rusange y’abaturage, agatorerwa manda y’imyaka ine incuro zitarenze eshatu. Hashyizweho umugereka mu Itegekonshinga uhamya ko manda ya mbere yatorewe Gregoire Kayibanda nayo ibarirwa muri zo manda ziteganywa n’itegekonshinga. Gregoire Kayibanda yatowe incuro zose yiyamamazaga muri manda yari yemerewe n’amategeko.
6. Ihirikwa ku butegetsi (kudeta) rya prezida Grégoire Kayibanda ku ya 5 Nyakanga 1973
Muri nzeri 1973, hagombaga kuba amatora ya perezida wa Repubulika. Tariki ya 18 Gicurasi uwo mwaka, hari umushinga w’itegeko Leta ya Gregoire Kayibanda yohereje mu Nteko nshingamategeko, kandi iyo nteko yawutoye wose: Manda za perezida wa Repubulika zagombaga gushyirwa ku myaka 5 aho kuba 4, itegeko rivuga ko perezida agomba kuba afite imyaka iri munsi ya 60 rivanwaho.
Ikibazo cya « Kiga-Nduga »: Ingoma ya Gregoire Kayibanda yari ihanganye n’ikibazo kuva muri 1968, ikibazo cyiswe « Kiga-Nduga » cyangwa « Nord-Sud » aho abahutu bo mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda bari biganje mu gisirikare no mu gipolisi bashinjaga perezida Kayibanda irondakarere, bamurega ko abategetsi hafi ya bose abakura muri perefegitura ye kavukire ariyo Gitarama, akirengagiza izindi perefegitura cyane cyane abo mu majyaruguru (Eugène Shimamungu, Juvénal Habyarimana, l’homme assassiné le 6 avril 1994, Éditions Sources du Nil, Lille, 2004)
Ese ibyo bavuga ko abo mu majyaruguru (Abakiga) barundwaga mu gisirikare gusa kuko ngo ari abanyengufu ariko abo mu majyepfo (Abanyenduga) bakarundwa mu butegetsi kuko ngo ari abanyabwenge kuruta abandi nibyo ? Ese byari irondakarere ? Umuntu wese utekereza akageza kure abona ko bitari ukuri kw’impamo.
Guverinoma ya mbere ya Kayibanda yarimo Abanyarwanda bo mu bice hafi ya byose by’igihugu. Birumvikana ko abaminisitiri batava muri buri perefegitura. Niba hari abategetsi benshi bakomoka mu bice bigana mu gihugu rwagati no mu majyepfo, impamvu yashakirwa wenda ko ari ukubera ko amashuri ya mbere yari yiganje za Kabgayi hariya, nyuma agakomerezaza Nyakibanda ya Butare, na Kigali. Niho n’ubusanzwe Amateka y’u Rwanda rw’ubu na kera atangirira. Haba mu Bahinza ba mbere (ibwami i Nyanza) haba mu Bami b’ingoma za Cyami (Nyanza) haba Abakoloni (Kabgayi) na Butare (Astrida). None se ahantu habaye amashuri kare si ho hava nyine abantu benshi bayakandagiyemo ? Si ho hava abantu mumenyaniramo wakenera uwo gukorana na we ukamutumaho?
Kuki se igisirikare cyari kirunzemo abo mu majyaruguru cyane cyane Ruhengeri na Gisenyi ? Iyi mpamvu nayo yakwirwa mu bwonko. None se niba Jenerali Majoro Habyarimana Juvenali wari Minisitiri w’Ingabo, akaba Umugaba mukuru wazo (washyizweho na Kayibanda) yaraturukaga iyo ruguru, ntibyumvikanisha ko mu kwinjiza mu ngabo yahereye ku basore b’iwabo bakuranye ? Abo nabo bamara guhabwa imyanya mikuru mu ngabo bakinjiza ab’iwabo gutyo gutyo ? Ibi bya Kiga-Nduga bibonwa na benshi ko byari ikinyoma cyo gushaka impamvu yo kumuhirika gusa.
Abanyamateka benshi bahuriza ku makuru y’uko mu mwaka wa 1973 « Abakiga » bari mu butegetsi cyane cyane mu bashinzwe umutekano bateye akajagari mu gihugu hose, kaza gukomezwa n’ubwicanyi bwakozwe n’abatutsi b’i Burundi bica Abahutu (ubu abaho bavuga Jenoside yakorewe Abahutu b’i Burundi) abenshi bahungira mu Rwanda, biteza umwuka mubi,hatangira ibikorwa by’umutekano muke wiyongeraga kuri icyo gihuha cya « Kiga –Nduga » maze Minisitiri w’ingabo akaba n’umugaba mukuru w’ingabo z’u Rwanda icyo gihe, umuhutu akaba n’uwo mu majyaruguru y’igihugu, Jenerali Majoro Juvénal Habyarimana ahirika ku butegetsi (kudeta) bwana Grégoire Kayibanda ku itariki ya 5 Nyakanga 1973, amusimbura ku ngoma.
7. Perezida Grégoire Kayibanda akatirwa urwo gupfa,afungirwa iwe mu rugo
Grégoire Kayibanda yakatiwe urubanza rwo gupfa mu rubanza N° 0001/ 74/ CM de la cour martiale le 29 juin 1974. Urwo rubanza rwaje guhindurwamo urwo gufungwa burundu n’iteka rya perezida Juvénal Habyarimana. Umugore wa perezida Gregoire Kayibanda, madamu Vérédiana Mukagatare yaguye iwe i Kavumu ka Gitarama, maze nyuma y’urupfu rwe Grégoire Kayibanda ajyanywa gufungirwa mu nzu ye yo muri Rwerere, perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda, abuzwa uburenganzira bwose nk’izindi mfungwa.
8. Urupfu rwa prezida Grégoire Kayibanda
Perezida Grégoire Kayibanda yapfuye tariki ya 15 Ukuboza 1976 agwa iwe muri Rwerere. Umwanditsi Paternostre de la Mairie uyanditse urupfu rwe muri aya magambo :
« Mu gitondo cyo ku itariki ya 14/12/1976 saa 9h30 (saa tatu n’igice za mu gitondo), [perezida Kayibanda] yatatse ko yababaraga mu gituza hafi y’umutima ;umuhungu we Pio ahamagara abashinzwe kumurinda, nabo bahamagara umuganga, dogiteri wo ku bitaro bya Kabgayi. Uwo muganga utari warigeze na rimwe avuraho perezida, yahageze saa 19h00 (saa moya za nijoro) maze, bamarana iminota mike (iminota ibarirwa mu icumi), amusanga « akomeye, amwenyura, atuje », mbese ameze neza. Muganga yavuze ko nta kindi kibazo afite uretse uburibwe mu nda. Yavuze ko Grégoire Kayibanda “ari kuribwa buhoro gusa “, ko nta « bidakabije » ni uko amwandikira utunini, bajya kudufata muri farumasi y’ibitaro. Muri iryo joro ariko, yarongeye araribwa cyane, bigeze mu rukerere saa 4h00 (saa kumi za mu gitondo), perezida Kayibanda ashiramo umwuka… Hari ku itariki ya 15 ukuboza 1976. »
Iyi si,
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