Dominique Mbonyumutwa wabaye perezida wa mbere w’agateganyo mu Rwanda, yari muntu ki?

Mwalimu HAKIZIMANA Maurice

Mu gitabo UTABA AMATEKA NTABONA ITAKA cya Mwalimu Hakizimana Maurice kuva ku ipaji ya 339 kugeza ku ya 352 dusomamo inkuru irambuye ivuga ku buzima bwa Nyakubahwa Dominique Mbonyumutwa wabaye perezida w’agateganyo w’u Rwanda mbere y’uko ruba Repubulika byuzuye. Muri iyi nyandiko tugiye kubasangiza ako gace k’icyo gitabo cy’ubushakashatsi.

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1.Dominique Mbonyumutwa yari muntu ki?

Ibisekuruza bye byerekanye ko Dominiko Mbonyumutwa ari umuhutu wo mu bwoko-nzu y’Abagesera ukomoka kuri Mannyoli waturutse mu gihugu cya Gisaka iburasirazuba bw’u Rwanda rwa Gasabo. Mannyoli uwo yimukiye mu Rwanda rwo hagati akaba ari igisekuruza cya munani cya Dominiko Mbonyumutwa. Hariho amazu abiri y’Abannyoli bamukomotseho. Abannyoli bo mu nzu Mbonyumutwa yavutsemo baje kuba i Mwendo ya Kabagali, muri Mukingi, ku gasozi ka Nyabisambu. Indi nzu y’Abannyoli  bo b’abatutsi ni iyaje kuba i Kirengeri – Mpanda, muri Marangara. Utwo turere twombi turegeranye, mu cyahoze kera cyitwa « circonscription administrative ya Gitarama »(Akarere k’ubutegetsi ka Gitarama).

Abannyoli ni ubwoko bw’Abagesera batuye mu Rwanda hose bavuga ko bakomoka ku mwami Kimenyi umuzirankende wo mu gihugu cya Gisaka, nyuma y’uko ingoma yabo itewe ikigarurirwa n’Umwami wo mu Rwanda rwa Gasabo. Niyo ngoma ya nyuma yigaruriwe n’Ubwami bwo mu Rwanda rwa Gasabo. Nyuma yaho abagesera bakwiriye mu Rwanda hose bivanga mu moko y’Abatutsi n’Abahutu bari basanze muri urwo Rwanda.

Mu Bannyoli bazwi mu Rwanda harimo Dominiko Mbonyumutwa na Yohani-Baptista Utumabahutu, umwalimu wanabaye sushefu (sous-chef) na shefu (chef) wa Mayaga mbere y’Impinduramatwara (Revolisiyo) yo muri 1959. Nyuma y’ubwigenge bw’igihugu (Indepandansi) yaje kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wa Leta ushinzwe impunzi n’intumwa ya rubanda mu Nteko nshinga mategeko.

Dominiko Mbonyumutwa yavutse muri 1921 avukira i Mwendo mu Kabagali. Apfusha se ku myaka 8. Nyina ahita amusaba gusimbura se mu mirimo y’ubuhake yakoreraga umututsi wari umuhatse (shebuja). Ubwo buryo bwo kumara amezi umugaragu akorera uwari umuhatse byitwaga : “kujya gufata igihe kwa shebuja”. Umugaragu utarakoreraga shebuja uko babisezeranye yatakaza inka yagabiwe n’uwo shebuja.

 N’ubwo yari umwana muto, Mbonyumutwa we yarabyanze kuko yifuzaga kujya mu ishuri ariko nyina akanga kuko yabonaga ntacyo bizamumarira kuko nta myanya (babyitaga « kugabana umusozi ») abahutu bahabwaga mu Rwanda. Mbese bari bazi neza ko (muri rusange) umwami atagabira abahutu kuyobora imisozi yagabiraga abatutsi gusa n’abana babo baba babishoboye cyangwa batabishoboye. Niyo mpamvu nyina wa Mbonyumutwa we atakozwaga ibyo byo kwiga ahubwo amuhatira gukomeza kurangiza igihe se yari ashigaje gukorera umutware w’umututsi wari umuhatse. Mbonyumutwa nawe aranangira ni uko uwari sebuja wa se ararakara cyane abanyaga inka zose zari iwabo wa  Mbonyumutwa.

Ng’uko uko umwana  Mbonyumutwa yatumye nyina amubonamo ko amubereye ikigomeke kubona atumye anyagwa  inka zari zarageze mu rugo kandi ko arakaje kandi atakaje shebuja wari umuvugizi w’urugo mu gihe rugize ingorane nta kirengera. Birumvikana ko umubyeyi wa Mbonyumutwa byamuteye umujinya n’ubwoba.

Kubw’amahirwe Mbonyumutwa abasha gukomeza kwiga abifashijwemwo n’umututsi w’umutima mwiza, w’umutunzi kandi wavugaga rikijyana, wari warize, ufungutse mu bwenge, utari intagondwa witwaga Tharcisse Gihana w’aho iwabo. Izo ngorane yahuye nazo mu bwana kongeraho iyo neza yagiriwe n’umututsi w’umunyempuhwe, byamuteye kumva uko umuryango nyarwanda w’icyo gihe wari uteye.

Mbonyumutwa yababajwe cyane no kuba nyina umubyara yarashaje (yarapfuye) amezi macye mbere y’uko agabirwa umusozi nka su shefu (sous-chef) muri Nzeli 1952 ngo abe yareretse nyina ko kwiga bitari uguta igihe cyangwa kuba icyigomeke.

2. Imirimo yakoreye igihugu ku ngoma ya cyami mbere cyane yo kwinjira muri politike

Mbonyumutwa arangije amashuri abanza i Muyunzwe yahise ajya kwiga mu ishuli ryisumbuye ry’Abafurere (Joséphites) i Kabgayi ahakura impamyabushobozi (diplôme) y’inderabarezi-kwigisha amashuri abanza. Yahise abona akazi k’ubwarimu ku Kamonyi ka Rukoma muri 1941. Turi ku ngoma ya cyami.

Mwalimu Dominique Mbonyumutwa yashakanye na Sofiya Nyirabuhake wavukiye i Mbare muri Marangara  muri 1918, umukobwa wari uzi kwandika no gusoma wize i Kabgayi muri Novisiya y’Abenebikira bari bungirije abapadiri b’abamisiyoneri b’abapadiri bera (Les Pères Blancs). Kuba Sofiya Nyirabuhake yari azi kwandika no gusoma byari ikintu cy’ingenzi cyane  kuri Mbonyumutwa. Basezeranye ku ya 01/05/1941 barinda basazana.

Perezida wa Repubulika y’agateganyo Nyakubahwa Mwalimu Dominiko Mbonyumutwa n’umugore we Sofiya Nyirabuhake baherekejwe na ba adiminisitarateri  b’Ababiligi (photo 1961)

Imfura yabo y’umuhungu Shingiro Mbonyumutwa bayihaye izina Mbonyumutwa ibintu bitari bisanzwe mu muco wa kinyarwanda, (kwita abana izina ry’umuryango)  mbere y’uko bisakara mu Rwanda hose no mu bisekuru byakurikiyeho.

Umuryango wabo wibarutse abandi bana batandatu : Mukamugema Marie-Claire, Musanganire Félicité, Muramutse Perpétue, Kigufi Thomas, Kimenyi Joseph na Nyiratunga Bernadette.

Dominiko Mbonyumutwa n’umuryango we bimukiye i Rutongo- ya Mugambazi muri 1943 aho yari abonye akazi kwo kwigisha abana b’abazungu bakoraga mu isosiyeti yabaga muri Rutongo yacukuraga amabuye y’agaciro ya Gasegereti (Cassitérite). Iyo sosiyeti yitwaga Somuki. Yaje guhuzwa n’izindi sosiyeti zacukuraga amabuye zibyara Somirwa (Société des Mines du Rwanda) muri za mirongo irindwi. Mbonyumutwa yavuye i Rutongo-Mugambazi muri 1946, asubira ku ivuko i Mwendo ya Kabagali, ahabona akazi k’ubwarimu ahitwa i Muyunzwe.

Muri 1947 yasezeye k’umurimo w’ubwarimu kugirango ashake akazi keza kurushaho. Yaje kukabona i Gitarama aho yakoze nka « commis à l’administration belge»(Umukozi wo mu biro by’ubutegetsi bw’Ababiligi) akazi kagereranywa no kuba umufasha w’umutegetsi Kabgayi- Gitarama (1948-1952)

Perezida wa Repubulika y’agateganyo Nyakubahwa Dominiko Mbonyumutwa n’umugore we Sofiya Nyirabuhake baherekejwe na ba adiminisitarateri  b’Ababiligi (photo 1961)

Mu gihe yashakishaga akazi keza kurusha ak’ubwarimu, yatumweho n’ibyegera by’umugabekazi Kankazi, nyina wa Rudahigwa, ngo aze i Shyogwe gukora ikizamini (interview) yo gukorera Umugabekazi  akazi k’ubu « clerc ».

Iyo interview ntiyakunze uko yagenze kuko yumvise umugabekazi n’ibyegera bye bamukinisha bamubwira mu buryo budashimishije bati “vuga igifaransa twumve”. Ntiyabyemeye kuko atishimiye uburyo babimusabyemo. Byaje kumuhira kuko nyuma yaho yaje kubona akazi keza kurushaho ko kuba umwungiriza (« commis ») w’umuzungu wari uhagarariye adminisitarateri mu cyo bitaga « poste avancé » yayoboraga amasheferi ane yari agizwe na Marangara, Nduga, Ndiza na Rukoma. Akazi kamuheshaga ibyo yifuzaga akorana n’Abategetsi bashinzwe abaturage.

Mu ntangiriro za 1952 umubyeyi (nyina) wa Dominiko yarashaje(yarapfuye). Yabaga i Mwendo hagendwaga amasaha 2 n’amaguru uvuye i Gitarama aho Mbonyumutwa yakoraga, ariko ntiyabashije kujya kumushyingura kuko uwamutegekaga w’ umubiligi ntiyamuhaye uruhushya, yari yarateguye kuva kera kujya mu Kiruhuko i Bujumbura n’i Bukavu (yitwaga Constermansville) ku buryo Mbonyumutwa yagomba gusigara ariwe mukuru w’ikigo « chef de poste » agenzura cyane cyane  abapolisi na gereza byari bigize inkingi zikomeye z’ubutegetsi. Ntako atagize ngo ajye gushyingura umubyeyi we ndetse yibutsa umuyobozi we ko iyo yari impamvu idasanzwe ariko umuyobozi amusubiza ko adashobora guhindura konji ze. Ibi byababaje Mbonyumutwa cyane ku buryo yabyibutsaga iyo yashakaga kwibutsa abantu ukuntu akazi ka cyera katari koroshye, ko abantu bagombaga kumenya kwihangana cyane.

3. Mwalimu Dominique Mbonyumutwa aba s/shefu bitunguranye

Kanyanza/ Nyabikenke ku Ndiza (1952-1956):Muri za 1950, umuryango w’abibumbye (L’ONU) washyizeho gahunda yo kuvugurura igihugu mu gihe cy’imyaka icumi.

Mu ntangiriro za 1952 Abazungu bashyizeho itegeko ritegeka abatutsi gusaranganya ubutegetsi mu moko yose y’u Rwanda (abahutu n’abatutsi cyane cyane) maze  Indagizo y’ababiligi ihabwa kuzajya itanga abakandida ku myanya y’ubutegetsi (shefu na sushefu), nyuma umwami agashobora kubemera cyangwa kwanga. Mu kwezi kwa cyenda muri 1952, nibwo muri iyo gahunda Mbonyumutwa yahawe ubusu-shefu muri sheferi ya Ndiza.

Sushefu Dominique Mbonyumutwa

Amaze kubuhabwa yiyemeje ko su-sheferi ye igomba kubona amanota yo hejuru cyane bitaga « elite » (90%), kandi niko byagenze imyaka irindwi yose yayiyoboye yigisha ko uburezi bw’urubyiruko no gukunda umurimo ari byo soko y’amajyambere. Kugirango abigereho ni uko yiyemeje kubyikorera by’umwihariko. Yabyukaga kare akagenda hafi umunsi wose, agenzura abakozi be, abasaba kumukorera neza kandi nawe akabafata neza uko bikwiriye ku buryo bamwubahaga banamukorera neza.

4. Sushefu Dominique Mbonyumutwa akubitwa n’insoresore z’abatutsi, imbarutso ya Revolisiyo y’i 59

IKIGANIRO : Ingaruka ku byabaye ku itariki ya 1 Ugushyingo 1959

Sushefu Dominiko Mbonyumutwa aratubwira ingaruka zo gukubitwa n’insoresore zishyigigikiye ubwami

Ikibazo:  ko utari umu APROSOMA wa mbere wari ugiriwe nabi, watubwira impamvu itariki ya 1/11/1959 ariyo yiswe “imbarutso yo kwibohora ingoma ya cyami n’ubuhake” bwayo n’ingaruka wowe wabonye zahise zikurikira iyo tariki?

Igisubizo: Mu gitondo cyo kuwa 02/11/1959 nageze kwa Kayibanda nk’uko twari twabisezeranye ku cyumweru 01/11/1959.  Impamvu twateranye ni uko twashakaga kwandika ibaruwa yo kwamagana bikomeye ubugizi bwa nabi bw’Aba L’UNAR bwari bukabije. Muri iyo baruwa twerekanye ukuntu politiki yari igeze aharenga aho abataravugaga rumwe n’ishyaka L’UNAR ryari ku butegetsi (bw’ingoma ya cyami) bagirirwaga nabi.

Muri iyo baruwa twasabye abategetsi b’Ababiligi gufata ingamba nyazo zo guhagarika ibikorwa by’urugomo L’UNAR yakoreraga amashyaka y’abahutu. Iyo barwa twayandikiye Rezida w’u Rwanda na Adiminisitarateri w’intara ya Gitarama. Ubwanjye nashyiriye ayo mabaruwa yombi Adiminisitarateri w’intara anyizeza kubimenyesha Rezida bidatinze (hari kopi y’izo mpungenge yaje kuboneka mu nyandiko zabitswe z’uwitwa Marcel Pochet wari umujyanama w’ umwami icyo gihe). Rezida avuye i Kigali yambwiye ko nawe yari yatunguwe n’uwo mutekano wari wabaye muke maze ansaba kwitahira mu rugo.

Ngeze i Remera ku Ndiza  mu ma saa moya ya nijoro dutwawe na Christophe Bizimana, twahagaritswe na za bariyeri abaturage bari bishyiriye  mu muhanda. Icyo gihe bambwiye ko bari bazishyizeho kugirango batangire abahezanguni ba L’UNAR batava ku Ndiza bataramenya amakuru yanjye kuko ngo inkuru yari yarakwiriye ko ngo Abarunari banyishe.

Kuva i Remera ho ku Ndiza hari amaduka, naciye ku zindi bariyeri kugeza ngeze iwanjye  mu bilometero 8 uvuye aho i Remera. Nahasanze abantu benshi bari baje kurarira abana banjye n’urugo rwanjye. Uwo munsi ni nabwo twumvise ko ngo mu Marangara abaturage bari bamanutse mu mihanda n’amayira barakaye barandura ibiti by’ikawa kwa shefu Haguma.

Bukeye ku itariki ya 3/11/1959 ahagana saa yine za mu gitondo nabonye ikivunge cy’abaturage bo ku Ndiza ntari narigeze mbona aho nabereye. Cyari ikivunge cy’abantu bari baturutse muri susheferi zose, bafite ubwoba ko sushefu wabo yahohotewe, ubona bashaka kwirwanaho no guhana abamugiriye nabi.

Bansabye kubasobanurira uko nahohotewe. Kugirango ngabanye umujinya ndengakamere nabonaga bafite nababwiye ko n’ubwo nari nahohotewe ariko ku bw’amahirwe bitari bikabije. Ntawari kumenya intera byari kugira. Ariko abaturage babonye ikiganza cyanjye gipfutse bahise bavuza induru, ni uko bahita bajya kwa shefu Gashagaza kumubaza impamvu nahohotewe. Ibyakurikiyeho ndumva byanditse mu bitabo by’Amateka. Kandi koko ibyabaye kuri iyo taliki  ya 3/11/1959 byakozweho amaperereza n’imanza kuberako muri izo mvururu hari n’abantu baguye kwa shefu Gashagaza. Niyo mpamvu ngira inama abantu gusoma ibyo Parike yatangaje byerekeranye n’ izo manza.

Amateka avuga ko icyo gihururu cy’abaturage cyageze kwa shefu Gashagaza ni uko batangazwa no kubona uwo shefu yari ateranye n’aba sushefu hafi ya bose b’abatutsi bo mu bwatsi bwe (chefferie) n’ abandi banyacyubahiro bageraga kuri 80. Abo baturage bavuze ko abasushefu babiri muri abo bari bateranye, abitwa Katarabirwa na Nkusi, basohokanye intwaro babwira abaturage kubaviraho bakagenda vuba.Katarabirwa yazunguzaga inkota ye naho Nkusi ati “nimutagenda ndabashumuriza abatwa banjye”.

Hakurikiyeho gushyamirana ni uko Katarabirwa arahagwa naho Nkusi we ngo arakubitwa cyane. Shefu Gashagaza abonye uko ibintu bigenze we yahisemo gucisha macye yemera kuba ariwe ugenda nyuma y’uko abaturage bamubwiye ko ariwe ahubwo ugomba kubavira mu nzira. Ni uko yemeye kugenda ajyanye n’umugore we n’abana bitwaje ishusho rya Bikira Mariya, asaba abaturage ko babageza kuri paruwasi ya Kanyanza aho we n’umuryango we bakiriwe. Bamwe muri abo baturage barabaherekeje kugirango bagereyo amahoro.

Mu kwihimura icyo gihe umwami Kigeli wa V Ndahindurwa yateranyije abarwanyi be ba kabuhariwe (yafataga nk’imbwa ze z’inkazi) bari bagizwe n’abatwa n’abakiga bo muri Mukura na Rukoko bari batinyitse bitwaga  “Abambarankota” abategeka kwirara mu bayobozi b’abahutu bo muri Marangara bari barateguye  Manifeste y’Abahutu, abaziza kuba barasabye ko ubutegetsi busaranganywa n’abahutu.

Iyo abategetsi b’Ababiligi bo muri ako karere badatabara, abo barwanyi b’umwami Kigeli bari kumara abo bayobozi b’abahutu. Ntitwakwibagirwa kandi ko kuva ku itariki ya 3/11/1959 kugeza ku ya 10/11/1959, umubare uhagije w’abasirikare bo muri Kongo bamaze kugera mu Rwanda kugirango bahoshe imvururu, abahutu bariye inka z’ abatutsi mu gihe intagondwa z’umwami nazo zicaga nabi abayobozi b’abahutu bo mu majyepfo no mu bice byo hagati y’u Rwanda aho imyigaragambyo ku butegetsi yari yatangiriye. Ba Sindibona, Munyandekwe, Impangare, Kanyaruka, Mukwiye Polepole, Secyugu n’abandi bayobozi b’ababahutu bazwi nk’ibitambo bya mbere by’ibyo bitero by’ingabo z’umwami. Ndetse hari n’abandi bashefu b’abatutsi bari begeranyije insoresore zo gutera ubwoba abahutu ngo batigaragambya nk’abo muri Ndiza-Marangara.

Ikibazo: Nkawe ubwawe wabashije ute gukundwa na rubanda yari igizwe cyane cyane n’abahutu ndetse iyo rubanda ikanerekana ko igukomeyeho ku buryo yanakurwanyeho kandi wari unahagarariye umwami nka sushefu? Wari umaze imyaka 7 uri sushefu kuva mu 1952, wari waragize igihe gihagije cyo kuba wakwihutura, kuki utabikoze? 

Igisubizo: Ni byo niko nanjye nabyumvise ko ngo naba ndi umwe mu basushefu bacye b’abahutu batihutuye. Mu mpamvu ntihutuye harimo ubujijuke kubera amashuri nari narize no kuba nari naragize amahirwe yo gutera imbere mu Muryango nyarwanda ntagombye kwihutura. Nk’ubwo nabonaga amashuri nize yo kwigisha yari yaratumye njijukirwa ibintu byinshi kurusha abandi bayobozi b’abatutsi bari bakigendera ku mico ya kera.

Nasangaga kandi nari narashinzwe imyanya itari mito mu butegetsi bw’igihugu ntagombye kwihutura. Nk’igihe nari Clerc en chef mu butegetsi bw’Ababiligi i Gitarama kuri 1947 kugeza 1952 nari mfite ubutegetsi bwarutaga ubw’aba shefu bane n’ubw’aba sushefu basagaga 60 bo mu karere kanjye karimo Marangara, Rukoma, Ndiza na Nduga. Aba shefu bose bagombaga kuncaho kugirango bavugane na adiminisitarateri kandi nari nshinzwe no kugenzura sheferi na za su sheferi (chefferies na sous-chefferies) zose zo muri ako karere. Kubera ko ari jye wari ushinzwe kugenzura uburyo abo bashefu n’abo basushefu bakora nkanagomba no gukora raporo yo guha adiministrateri ku mitegekere yabo, yampaga n’uburenganzira bwo kubaha amabwiriza.

Abo bayobozi twakoranaga neza bananyubaha cyane cyane ko bamwe banankeneraga kugirango mbasemurire. Urumva rero ko nta mpamvu yatumaga numva nkeneye kwihutura kandi narubahwagwa kubera akazi nakoraga kandi ngakora neza. Indi mpamvu kandi ni uko kuri jye nasangaga kwihakana inkomoko yanjye bisuzuguritse.

Ikibazo: Wamenya impamvu Kayibanda na Gitera batagizwe abasushefu?

Igisubizo: Ntabwo mbizi. Ariko icyo nakwemeza ni uko Kayibanda numva atari kwemera. Yari ageze kure mu mushinga we wo guhindura imitegekere ishingiye ku buhake bw’Abahutu ku Batutsi. Ndibuka ko muri za 1956, ubutegetsi bw’ Ababiligi bwashakaga ko hatangwa abakandida 10 b’abahutu ku myanya y’ubushefu. Icyo gihe Kayibanda yansabye kwanga kubijyamo ambwira ko icyo dukwiriye kwitaho ari uguhindura imiyoborere y’igihugu. Naho Gitera na Munyangaju ndumva nabo batari kwemera gufata umwanya w’ubuyobozi kuko ubwo byavugaga ko bagombaga guhagarika kwandika bamagana imitegekere mibi. Naho Bicamumpaka we yabaye sushefu muri 1958. Ngo yirukanye ubwe umusushefu witwaga Kanakintama kubera ngo ibintu bibi yari yarakoze mu bwatsi bwe maze afata umwanya we.

Ikibazo: Watubwira icyatumye wowe utarahisemo kwandika wamagana imitegekere mibi nka bo? 

Igisubizo: Hari impamvu nyinshi.

1.  Umwami Rudahigwa yari yarabujije abayobozi bo mu nzego z’igihugu kugira inyandiko bakora zerekeranye na politiki.

2.  Nababwiye kandi ko Kayibanda ariwe wenyine wari warahawe inshingano yo gutangaza inyandiko zose za Mouvement Social Hutu (ishyirahamwe ryacu riharanira ko abahutu nabo babaho) yari igamije guteza imbere abahutu bari barakandamijwe n’ingoma ya gihake.

3.  Nari maze igihe ndi mu buyobozi bw’igihugu kandi ndumva narashyize mu bikorwa ibitekerezo byari mu nyandiko za Kayibanda, Gitera  na Munyangaju.

Ikibazo: Igihe “Manifeste y’Abahutu” itangazwa mu 1957, nibwo itegeko nshinga rya Mouvement Social Hutu naryo ryahise ritangazwa. Birumvikana ko ababyemeraga kandi bashakaga kuyishyigikira bagombaga kwiyerekana. Wowe wabigenje ute?

Igisubizo: Manifeste y’Abahutu imaze gutangazwa narishimye cyane kuko nahise mbona ko ibitekerezo byacu n’ibyo twaharaniraga byari bitangiye gushyirwa mu bikorwa. Guhera icyo gihe, gukorera hamwe byadufashije gushira ubwoba ariko no kuba twatotezwa niko byiyongereye kurushaho. Gusa birazwi ko intwari zigaragara mu bikomeye.

Uwungirije guverineri w’u Rwanda – Burundi amaze guha Kayibanda uruhushya ko ashobora gutangiza cellules za Mouvement Social Hutu (ni ukuvuga udushami hirya no hino tw’ishyirahamwe ryacu ryo kurenganura abahutu) Kayibanda yahise antumaho ansaba gutangiza inama ya mbere muri susheferi nayoboraga, ndamwemerera. Hari mu ntangiriro za 1958. Kubera ko nari mu buyobozi bw’igihugu nta kindi nari nemerewe kubafashamo uretse kuba umujyanama muri iyo Muvoma.

Ikibazo: Mouvement Social Hutu (ishyirahamwe riharanira ko abahutu nabo babaho) yageze aho ihinduka ishyaka rya politiki (Parmehutu) mu 1959, ni iki wowe warushinzwemo?

Igisubizo: Nabaye umwe mu bashatse izina turi kwa Kayibanda. Hari na Calliopi Mulindahabi, Yohani Rwasibo na Petero Claveri Ndahayo. Iryo zina twarihisemo nyuma ya mitingi  twakoreye muri susheferi nayoboraga ku itariki ya 4/10/1959. Iyo mitingi yajemo imbaga y’abantu bari baturutse hafi mu Rwanda hose baje kumva Kayibanda.

Icyo gihe amashyaka ya politiki yari yaremewe niyo yonyine yari afite uburenganzira bwo gukoresha mitingi. Kugeza icyo gihe L’UNAR ( bivugira Runari) yari yarakoresheje mitingi yayo yambere i Kigali kuri 13/09/1959, yibwira ko ariyo yonyine ishobora gukoresha mitingi. Ni cyo cyatumye Kayibanda na we yiyemeza gutangaza ko Mouvement Social Hutu ihindutse ishyaka rya politiki. Yaje kwemererwa ku mugaragaro ku itariki ya 18/10/1959 ku izina twari tumaze guhitamo ari ryo :  PARMEHUTU (Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation Hutu / Ishyaka rya muvoma iharanira kurenganura Aabahutu).

Ubwoba bwatuyoyotsemo twumva duteye intambwe idasanzwe mu kuvugira rubanda. Amezi ya Nzeri n’Ukwakira yabaye amezi y’ubushyamirane bukomeye hagati ya Parmehutu na L’UNAR y’ubwami. Ubwo bushyamirane bwigaragaje mu minsi ibanza y’Ugushyingo.  Na mbere yo gushaka kungirira nabi ku  itariki ya 1/11/1959, L’UNAR yahoraga isaba ko nirukanwa ku buyobozi bwa sushefu ngo kuko nari nemeye ko mitingi ya Muvoma yacu ibera muri susheferi yanjye ku ya 4/10/1959 kandi ndi mu buyobozi bw’igihugu.

Inama idasanzwe y’ igihugu, guhunga k’Umwami, amatora yo muri komini na guverinoma y’agateganyo yo kuri 26/10/1960

Ikibazo: Nyuma y’ibyabaye mu Ugushyingo 1959, izina ryawe ryongera kuvugwa mu Mateka y’u Rwanda igihe ishyaka PARMEHUTU ryagutoranyije wowe na Anasthase Makuza kurihagarira mu nama idasanzwe y’igihugu. Ko iyo nama yagiyeho tariki ya 4/02/1960 wakoraga iki hagati ya 1/11/1959 na 4/02/1960? Mbese ubundi iyo nama yari ishinzwe iki?

Igisubizo: Nyuma y’ibyabaye ku itariki ya 1/11/1959, shefu Gashagaza yandeze ko ari jye watangije kandi nkanayobora imyigaragambyo yabaye muri sheferi ye no kumutera iwe. Uko nabibonye abarunari bifuzaga ko nakwicwa kuko bamaze kubona ko kunyica bitazabashobokera (kubera ko abaturage bo ku Ndiza bari biyemeje kundwanaho), abo barunari bahisemo kwica abandi bayobozi ba Parmehutu na Aprosoma batari barinzwe nkanjye, abo ni nka Sindibona, Impangare, Kanyaruka, Mukwiye n’abandi. Ndetse batwitse n’inzu nari narubatse i Mwendo muri komini ya Mukingi bakeka ko nari nahahungiye.

Amezi yabanjirije ishyirwaho ry’inama idasanzwe y’igihugu no gushyiraho abayobozi bashya (abasushefu n’ abashefu b’agateganyo) jye nayamaze nitaba inkiko nsubiza ibibazo nabazwaga n’abakoraga iperereza ku mvururu zari zarabaye mu karere kacu. Kuva ku itariki ya 10/ 11/ 1959, ubutegetsi bw’Ababiligi bwategetse ko igihugu cyose gishyirwa mu buyobozi bwa gisirikare (mu bihe bidasanzwe) kubera imvururu zari zimaze gufata intera nini. Icyo gihe abayobozi b’abasivili twese twarahagaritswe.

Icyo gihe ubuyobozi bw’igihugu bwashyizwe mu maboko y’umusilikare Koloneli BEM Logiest. Buri munsi nitabaga urukiko rukuru rwa gisirikare rwari rwarashyizweho ku Ndiza, ngiye gusubiza ibibazo byarwo byari byerekeranye n’imvururu zo ku Ndiza kuko nari narezwe ko ari jye wari wahagurukije abaturage bo ku Ndiza mu kwigaragambya ku buyobozi. Uretse no kugomba kujya gusubiza ibibazo bambazaga, nagombaga no kujya muri urwo rukiko kugirango mbashe kuburizamo ibinyoma abasemuzi b’abatutsi babwiraga urukiko, no kubabuza gukoresha amayeri yo kubeshya abaturage kugirango bambeshyere.

Icyo gihe ubutegetsi bw’Ababiligi bwari bwanashyizeho mandat (urupapuro) yo kunta muri yombi no kunjyana muri Gereza y’i Kigali. Nakijijwe n’umupadiri wo mu Bapadiri Bera (Pères Blancs) wo muri misiyoni y’i  Kanyanza watangajwe no kubona ubutegetsi bw’Ababiligi bwari butarasobanukirwa n’aho ukuri kwari kuri. Urwo rubanza rwanjye rwari rwarashojwe na Gashagaza rwarakomeje n’igihe nari mu nama idasanzwe y’igihugu ariko ruza kurangira urukiko rungize umwere!

Inama idasanzwe y’igihugu yari urwego rusumba izindi z’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu kandi yari ihuriwemo n’ amashyaka 4 manini ariyo APROSOMA, RADER, PARMEHUTU na L’UNAR.

Yari ifite inshingano yo guhindura imitegekere y’Umwami, gutyo umwami Kigeli Ndahindurwa agahindura uburyo bwo kuyobora, akareka amashyaka akaba ariyo ashyirwa imbere mu mitegekere y’igihugu, maze we akayobora nk’ umwami w’Itegeko Nshinga (Roi Constitutionnel). Ni nabyo twifuzaga.

Muri iyo nama umwami yari ahagarariwe na mwene se Ruzibiza. Ariko byaje kuba ikibazo kuko umwami yakomeje kwihambira ku bya kera kubera abajyanama be bo muri Runari, bari baraheze mu mitekerereze yari ishaje, bityo bituma hazamo amakimbirane hagati ye n’iyo nama nkuru y’igihugu.

Ibyo inama idasanzwe yemezaga akanga kubishyiraho umukono, twabijyanaga kwa Rezida w’umubiligi akaba ariwe ubishyiraho umukono.

Byagezaho umwami aza kubona ko atazashobora gukomeza guhangana natwe ni uko afata icyemezo cyo kuva mu Rwanda aciye i Leopoldville (Kinshasa y’ubu) yitwaje ko agiye mu birori by’ubwigenge bwa Kongo. Kuva ubwo ntiyongeye kugaruka mu Rwanda. Hari ku itariki ya 25/06/1960. Ahubwo twaje kumenya ko umwami yari yagiye kuregera Loni ko Ababiligi bamutwaye ubwami (ubutegetsi) bwe bakimika Abahutu. Turaza kubona ko hari ibyo yashoboye kugeraho.

Ikibazo: Ni izihe ngaruka zabayeho zakurikiye uko kugenda k’umwami?

Igisubizo: Kugenda k’umwami  byateye icyuho mu buyobozi k’umwanya w’umukuru w’igihugu. Tubibonye twarushijeho gukaza umurego dusaba amatora mu gihugu cyose ngo hatorwe abayobozi b’inzego zose bityo hakajyaho ubuyobozi bushya bushingiye ku matora, bunyuranye n’ubwa cyami. Kuri 06/06/1960 aba PARMEHUTU bateraniye mu nama idasanzwe mu Ruhengeri bemeza ko igihugu gikwiriye kuba Repubulika kuko bumvaga ari byo byatuma abaturage bose bagira ubwisanzure busesuye, kandi bakanareshya imbere y’amategeko n’imbere y’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu. Urebye icyo cyemezo cy’ishyaka PARMEHUTU no kuba ryari rimaze kugira ingufu ni byo byatumye umwami yanga gukomeza gukorana n’inama idasanzwe y’igihugu.

Mu nama idasanzwe y’igihugu naho, amashyaka PARMEHUTU, APROSOMA na RADER yari yashyize hamwe yemeza ko igihe kigeze cyo guhindura imitegekere mu Rwanda, ahanganye n’ishyaka L’UNAR ry’abari bashyigikiye kugumaho k’ubwami.

N’ubwo RADER yari kumwe natwe muri iyo nama idasanzwe y’igihugu ntabwo yo yashakaga ko u Rwanda ruhinduka Repubulika, ahubwo umuyobozi wayo Prosper Bwanakweri we icyo yifuzaga kwari ugusimbura umwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa ariko we akemera kuba Umwami Constitutionnel (akarekera amashyaka ubutegetsi bw’igihugu). Uyu Bwanakweri yakomokaga mu muryango w’umwami umunana.

Bigeze mu kwezi kwa 6 n’ukwa 7 mu 1960, habayeho amatora mu makomini yose, Parmehutu n’Aprosoma zegukana amajwi 84% naho Rader ibona 7%  bituma ihitamo kuva muri urwo runana rw’amashyaka ivuga ko amatora atagenze neza mu buryo bwa demokarasi.

Naho L’UNAR  yo yahise yivana mu kibuga cya politiki kuko yanze kujya mu matora nk’andi mashyaka, bityo ibura byose. Kuri 26/10/1960 hashyizweho inzego ebyiri nkuru z’ igihugu arizo Inteko ishinga amategeko yarimo intumwa za rubanda 48 ziturutse mu mashyaka anyuranye, na Guverinoma y’agateganyo ihuriyemo Ababiligi n’ Abanyarwanda, ikuriwe na perezida w’ishyaka ryari ryabonye amajwi menshi, ariwe Gregoire Kayibanda.

Muri Kamarampaka yo kuwa 25 Nzeri 1961 yasabwe n’umwami Kigeli Ndahindurwa, rubanda yasezereye ingoma ya gihake itora Repubulika

Muri iyo guverinoma y’agateganyo nahawe umwanya w’umunyamabanga muri ministeri y’ingabo z’igihugu. Ministeri y’ingabo n’iy’ububanyi n’amahanga zakomeje gutegekwa na Leta y’Ububiligi, ku buryo nta mu minisitiri zagiraga mu Rwanda. Ni muri icyo gihe hashyizweho ishuri ry’abasirikare bakuru b’igihugu, bityo dutangira gutoranya abasore bazatozwa kuyobora ingabo z’igihugu nazo zagombaga gushyirwaho.

Ubwo Umwami na Runari bateye hejuru banga iyo nteko ishinga amategeko na guverinoma y’agateganyo, batakambira umwami w’Ababiligi nyuma bajya no gutakambira Loni, bayisaba ko yakohereza ingabo zayo zikaza gusimbura ubutegetsi bw’Ababiligi.

Loni yabyizeho mu nama zayo maze ifata icyemezo kijyanye n’ibyo Kigeli V Ndahindurwa yayisabaga, yemeza ko hagomba gukoresha referendum (Kamarampaka) kugirango abaturage bashobore kwihitiramo niba bashaka kugumana ubutegetsi bwa cyami n’Umwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa.

Ku ifishi yo gutoreraho, hari ho ibibazo bibiri bidaca ku ruhande byanditswe n’Umwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa ubwe anyuze muri LONI :    
1. Ese wifuza ko ubwami bugumaho? YEGO    OYA
2. Niba ubyifuza se, urashaka ko Kigeli V aguma kuba umwami w’u Rwanda? YEGO   OYA

Kayibanda abonye ko ubwami bushobora gusubizwaho, abonye kandi ko Ababiligi bari bamaze kwemera kwigizayo amatora y’intumwa za rubanda yagombaga kuba mu kwa mbere 1961 ari nayo yagombaga gushyiraho inama ishyiraho itegeko nshinga, yahisemo gutanguranwa n’Umwami Kigeli V kugirango amukureho. (Iki kiganiro na Dominiko Mbonyumutwa kiva mu gitabo cyitwa: “Rwanda: A Quand la Démocratie? 2 guerres civiles sur 1 génération”(cya Shingiro Mbonyumutwa, kibarizwa muri l’Harmattan).

5. Dominique Mbonyumutwa aba perezida w’agateganyo, n’indi mirimo ya politike yakoze nyuma yaho

Tugeze ku itariki ya 28 Mutarama 1961 : Kubera ko nta butegetsi bwari buhari mu gihugu uretse ubw’abakoloni kandi nabwo butari bucyifuzwa, abatware  n’umwami barahunze abandi barishwe, Intumwa za rubanda zo mu nzego za komini zirenga 3. 000 zakoraniye mu Nama yaguye y’igihugu, maze batangaza ko u Rwanda rubaye Repubulika, ko ingoma ya cyami icyarimwe n’ingoma ya gikolonize biciwe i Rwanda.

Icyo gihe izo ntumwa za rubanda zihagarariye amakoni yose zatoreye bwana Dominique Mbonyumutwa, wo muri MDR Parmehutu umwanya wa perezida wa mbere w’inzibacyuho mu  Rwanda ku majwi arengeje 80% ashyiraho Minisitiri w’Intebe  we,bwana Gregoire Kayibanda.

Inteko ishinga amategeko ya mbere (ku bwa Dominique Mbonyumutwa) yatoye uburyo bw’imitegekere bwiswe « régime parlementaire » (ubutegetsi buha Inteko ishinga amategeko ububasha bwo gutegeka guverinoma) iyobowe na Minisitiri w’Intebe.

 Ibi ariko byari kudeta (coup d’etat) ni ukuvuga guhirika ubutegetsi bwa cyami huti huti, ibintu byahise byamaganywa na LONI (Umuryango w’Abibumbye) ndetse n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga nk’uko twabibinye haruguru,hakaba Kamarampaka, ariko nayo ubwami bukayitsindwa,Repubulika igashimangirwa.

Ku itariki 26 ukwakira1961 hatowe perezida wa Repubulika noneho utari uw’agateganyo, maze inteko ihundagaza amajwi kuri  Grégoire Kayibanda watowe n’amajwi  34 kuri  44. Tariki ya 1 Nyakanga 1962 asezerera Abakoloni, igihugu kibona ubwigenge.

Soma: Profeseri Gregoire Kayibanda,Perezida wa I wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda yari muntu ki?

Dominique Mbonyumutwa koze indi mirimo myinshi ya politike akorera igihugu kugeza ashaje

1961-1964: Yabaye umucamanza ushinzwe urugereko rwa kabiri rw‘urukiko rw’ubujurire rw’u Rwanda i Nyanza (Vice-président de la Cour d’appel et Président de la 2ème chamber de Nyanza).

1964-1969: Kimwe n’abandi bari bahanishijwe icyiswe “guta umurongo“, ishyaka MDR ryabavanye mu barwanashyaka baryo ntiryongera kubatanga nk’abakandida mu nteko ishinga amategeko kubera ko bari banze gukurikiza amabwiriza y’amatora bari bahawe n’abakuru b’ishyaka 

1978-1986: Umukuru w’igihugu w’icyo gihe perezida Juvenali Habyarimana yamugize umukuru w’ibiro bitanga imidari mu rwego rw’Igihugu (Chancelier des Ordres Nationaux, fonction honorifique de la République).

6. Urupfu rwa Dominique Mbonyumutwa n’imihango yo kumushyingura mu cyubahiro

26 Nyakanga 1986: Mbonyumutwa Dominiko yapfiriye mu bitaro bya Université i Gand (Gent) mu Bubiligi, yari amaze igihe arwaye.

31 Nyakanga 1986: Umurambo we wakiranywe ibyubahiro bya gisirikare ku kibuga cy’indege kitiriwe Gregoire Kayibanda cya Kigali i Kanombe.

1 Kanama 1986: Yashyinguwe mu cyubahiro yahawe n’igihugu cyose nk’umuntu wabaye  umukuru w’igihugu mu mihango yari iyobowe n’umukuru w’igihugu w’icyo gihe perezida Habyarimana Juvénal. Yashyinguwe kuri sitade y’i Gitarama ari naho yari yaratorewe kuba umukuru w’igihugu ku italiki ya 28 Mutarama 1961 nyuma y’uko intumwa za rubanda zitora gukuraho ingoma ya Gihake, ya Cyami.

Aho umurambo wa Mbonyumutwa Dominiko washyinguwe muri sitade ya Gitarama.

Icyitonderwa: Hari amakuru avuga ko imva ya Dominiko Mbonyumtwa, perezida w’agateganyo wa mbere w’u Rwanda yari muri Stade yitiriwe Demukarasi mu mujyi wa Gitarama (isigaye yitwa Muhanga) yataburuwe, ibisigazwa by’umurambo bikimurirwa mu irimbi rusange rwo mu Gahondo. Abahaturiye babwiye umunyamakuru wa BBC Gahuzamiryango ko iyo mva yataburuwe n’abanyaruru ku wa gatandatu nijoro tariki ya 1/5/2010 ni uko tariki 2/10/2010 umunyamakuru asuye irimbi rusange ryo mu Gahondo asanga koko itaka ry’aho ibisigazwa by’umurambo byashyinguwe hagitose, hazitiwe n’ibyuma.Umuryango wa Mbonyumutwa wavuze ko wababajwe “n’agashinyaguro” kakorewe umubyeyi wabo.

Iyi si,

Mwalimu Hakizimana Maurice ni umwarimu (enseignant) umusemuzi n’umuhinduzi (traducteur-interprète) n’umwanditsi (écrivain) ukorera i Paris,mu Bufaransa.

Mwalimu Hakizimana Maurice ni umwanditsi w’igitabo “UTABA AMATEKA NTABONA ITAKA” Editions Scribes cyavuyemo iyi nyandiko yose.

Igitabo UTABA AMATEKA NTABONA ITAKA kiboneka gicapye kuri Amazon unyuze hano:
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UTABA AMATEKA NTABONA ITAKA kiboneka no muri format électronique (soft copy) unyuze hano: https://www.amazon.it/Utaba-Amateka-Ntabona-Itaka-Afrikaans-ebook/dp/B0GTQZ4CBC?fbclid=IwVERDUARzok1leHRuA2Flb

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