Prof HAKIZIMANA Maurice
Mu mategeko mpuzamahanga,mu Mategeko y’Akarere k’Ibihugu bya Afurika y’Iburasirazuba ndetse no mu Mategeko y’u Rwanda ubwarwo, umuntu wese ukekwaho icyaha ni uwo ari wese inzego z’ubugenzacyaha, z’iperereza, z’ubushinjacyaha cyangwa z’umutekano zifatiye mu bikorwa bishobora kuba mu bigize icyaha, zikamubaza, hanyuma zigakora idosiye ijya mu butabera (mu bushinjacyaha no/cyangwa mu nkiko).
Igihe cyose akiri muri izo nzego, n’igihe akiburana, kabone n’ubwo yaba afunzwe by’agateganyo, aba akiri umwere imbere y’amategeko kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ubushobozi ruzamuhamiriza icyaha rukamukatira igihano gikurikije amategeko. Nibyo byitwa mu mategeko “présomption d’innocence“,mu kinyarwanda twabyita « ihame ryo gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rugaragaje ko ahamwa n’icyaha ».
(1) Ihame ryo gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rugaragaje ko ahamwa n’icyaha .
Ihame ryo gufatwa nk’umwere ni ihame ry’ibanze ry’ubutabera rivuga ko umuntu ukekwaho icyaha afatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumaze kugaragaza mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko kandi budasubirwaho ko ahamwa n’icyaha.
Iri hame ririnda umuntu ukurikiranyweho icyaha guharabikwa,kwangirizwa izina, gucirwa urubanza cyangwa guhamywa icyaha mu buryo bwihuse kandi budakurikije amategeko, kandi rigashyira inshingano yo gutanga ibimenyetso by’icyaha ku ruhande rw’ubushinjacyaha ari nabwo bwonyine bwemewe n’Amategeko bwo kumushinja.
Urukiko ni rwo rwonyine rwemerewe n’amategeko guhamya umuntu icyaha cyangwa guhamya ko ari “umwere”.
Mu magambo make:
« Umuntu wese ukekwaho icyaha afatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumaze kugaragaza ko ahamwa n’icyaha. »
Hari inyito zitagomba kwitirwanywa mu mategeko: Umuntu wese ufatiwe mu gikekwaho kuba ikigize icyaha (une personne soupçonnée) aba agomba gufatwa nk’umwere (présomption d’innocence), ubushinjacyaha (parquet de la Republique) bukagira inshingano yo gutanga ibimenyetso bimuhamya icyaha (charge de la preuve),dosiye igakorwa, icyaha (accusation) kigashyikirizwa urukiko rubifitiye ubushobozi n’ububasha (tribunal compétent) rwamara kumva ibimenyetso by’impande zombi no gusuzuma amategeko, urukiko rukaba rwahamya icyaha uwo wagikekwagaho (culpabilité) cyangwa rugahamya ko “akiri umwere bidasubirwaho” (innocence).
Mu mategeko ariko,mu buryo bw’irengayobora, habaho n’icyitwa présomption de culpabilité mu kinyarwanda twabyita « gufatwa bidasanzwe nk’uwakoze icyaha hashingiwe ku mategeko, kugeza igihe nyir’ubwite agaragaje ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko atagikoze ».
(2) Irengayobora ryo gufatwa bidasanzwe nk’uwakoze icyaha kugeza igihe nyir’ubwite agaragaje ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko atagikoze
Ihame ry’ibanze mu butabera igihe cyose ni irya mbere: gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rugaragaje ko ahamwa n’icyaha (Présomption d’innocence). Mu bihe bidasanzwe cyane, hakora icyitwa présomption de culpabilité ni ukuvuga irengayobora ryo gufatwa bidasanzwe nk’uwakoze icyaha kugeza igihe nyir’ubwite agaragaje ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko atagikoze .
Ariko ni ngombwa kumenya ko iyi mvugo idashaka kuvuga ko umuntu ahita afatwa nk’umunyabyaha nta rubanza. Mu mategeko, présomption de culpabilité ni uburyo budasanzwe aho amategeko ashobora gushyiraho igitekerezo cy’uko umuntu ashobora kuba yakoze icyaha (wenda yafatiwe mu cyuho hari n’ibimenyetso simusiga) maze uwo muntu agasabwa gutanga ibimenyetso bishobora gukuraho cyangwa kunyomoza iryo shingiro.
Icyitonderwa: Mu bucamanza présomption d’innocence ni ryo hame ry’ibanze, kandi présomption de culpabilité ntisobanura ko ubushinjacyaha bushobora kwirengagiza inshingano zabwo zo gutanga ibimenyetso. Ni igitekerezo cy’amategeko gikoreshwa mu bihe bidasanzwe kandi kigomba kubahiriza uburenganzira bwo kwisobanura no kwiregura.
(3) Mu Rwanda Amategeko avuga iki ku bijyanye no kugaragaza imbere y’itangazamakuru abantu amasura n’imyirondoro y’abakekaho ibyaha,no gutangaza ibikubiye mu madosiye yabo?
Kuri iki kibazo,ni ngombwa gusuzuma icyo itegeko rivuga (loi),itegeko rikaba ari inyandiko yashyizweho n’ubutegetsi nshingamatego (umutwe cyangwa imitwe yombi y’Inteko nshingamategeko mu Rwanda. Nanone ni ngombwa gusuzuma icyitwa jurisprudence ni ukuvuga imyanzuro yigeze gufatwa n’urukiko ku kirego cyarushyikirijwe kuri icyo kibazo cyangwa uburyo inkiko zisobanura kandi zigashyira mu bikorwa amategeko kuri icyo kibazo. Iyo ibyo byombi bidahari hakora icyitwa gusuzuma doctrine y’Amategeko ni ukuvuga isesengura ry’abahanga mu mategeko, urugero nk’abarimu ba kaminuza cyangwa abanditsi b’amategeko ku mwuka (esprit) uba uri inyuma y’itegeko runaka.
A. Mu Rwanda urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwafashe umwanzuro kuri icyo kibazo
Iri hame ryo gufatwa nk’umwere ryashimangiwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza Re Murangwa Edward, RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/2022/SC, rwasomwe ku wa 22 Ukuboza 2023.
Murangwa Edward yari yasabye Urukiko gutegeka Leta n’inzego zifite aho zihuriye n’iperereza guhagarika kwereka itangazamakuru abakekwaho ibyaha no kubahatira kuvugana na ryo. Yari yasabye kandi ko ibitangazamakuru, imbuga nkoranyambaga n’abandi bategekwa gusiba amafoto n’amashusho by’abakekwaho ibyaha bari bafite mu bubiko bwabo.
Muri uru rubanza, Leta yaregwagwa yavugaga ko ubu burenganzira butangira umuntu ageze imbere y’urukiko. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwarabihakanye, rusobanura ko uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye butangirana n’ibikorwa by’iperereza, bugakomereza ku ikurikiranacyaha, ku iburanisha no ku itangwa ry’ibihano.
Urukiko rwasesenguye ingingo ya 10, agace ka 8, y’Itegeko No 12/2017 ryo ku wa 07/04/2017 rishyiraho urwego rw’ubugenzacyana mu Rwanda (RIB). Rwemeje ko iyo ngingo idaha na gato ububasha bwo gushyira ukekwaho icyaha imbere y’abanyamakuru, kumuha itangazamakuru ngo rimubaze cyangwa kumuhatira ubwe kugira ibyo avuga ku cyaha akekwaho imbere ya rubanda.
Urukiko rwavuze ko, bitemewe n’amategeko kwerekana ukekwaho icyaha yambaye amapingu cyangwa ruvuga ko binyuranyije n’ingingo ya 10(8) y’iryo tegeko.
Urukiko rwasobanuye ko imvugo y’abagenzacyaha na polisi ivuga ngo “umuntu uwo ari we wese ukekwaho ko afite amakuru yafasha mu iperereza ategetswe kuyatanga” ireba umuntu ufite amakuru yafasha iperereza, atari ukekwaho icyaha kuko we mu burenganzira afite harimo n’ubwo guceceka, bityo ntashobora guhatirwa gutanga amakuru yamushinja.
Urukiko rwongeyeho ko kumenyesha rubanda iby’iperereza rikomeje bitabujijwe ariko ko inzego zibikora zigomba kubikora mu bwitonzi no kwitwararika, kugira ngo zitagaragaza ukekwaho icyaha nk’uwamaze guhamwa n’icyaha ataracirwa urubanza.
Ku cyifuzo cyo gutegeka Leta, ibitangazamakuru n’imbuga nkoranyambaga gusiba amashusho, urukiko ntirwagihaye agaciro. Rwasobanuye ko ikirego cyari icyo gusuzuma niba ingingo z’amategeko zinyuranyije n’Itegeko nshinga; gutegeka isibwa ry’amashusho cyangwa kugena imyitwarire y’inzego mu kibazo cyihariye ntibyari mu rwego rw’icyo kirego.
B. Icyo Amategeko mpuzamahanga abivugaho
Ese mu Amategeko yemera ibyo kwereka itangazamakuru na rubanda amasura n’amadosiye y’akakekwaho ibyaha “bakiri abere”?
Hari ibihugu bibikora. Muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika byitwa “perp walk“.Mu Rwanda byitwa “media parade“. Kuki mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe bikorwa? Hari impamvu eshatu zibibatera:
(1) Gutanga amakuru : Izo nzego ziba zishaka guha itangazamakuru amakuru ashyushye ku watawe muri yombi, no ku byo aregwa. Ahenshi ubusanzwe bikorwa gusa iyo uwafashwe yari asanzwe ari umutegetsi mukuru,umunyepolitike uzwi (kuko abo baba batakigira ubuzima bwite) cyangwa bene ba banyabyaha ruharwa bamaze igihe bashakishwa (kuko baba basanzwe baramenyeshejwe abaturage mu rwego rwo kubashakisha).
(2) Icengezamatwara ryo kwerekana ko urwego rwa Polisi n’ubugenzacyaha rukora : Nanone bikorwa kugira ngo izo nzego ziyerekane neza muri rubanda, zibereke ko nta muntu uri hejuru y’amategeko,kandi ko zitarobanura ku butoni,cyangwa ngo zikorere ku cyenewabo no mu butiriganya. Twavuga ko zibikora uy rwego rwo kwiyerekana.
(3) Gutanga umuburo (effet dissuasif) : Iyo hari abanyabyaha bafashwe bakerekwa rubanda n’itangazamakuru, polisi n’inzego z’ubugenzacyaha ziba zigamije indi nyungu z’akazi zazo, ari zo guca intege abandi banyabyaha nkaho no kubaburira ko nabo nibatareka ibyaha bari gukora, igihe cyabo kibaze.
Mu bihugu byinshi iki gikorwa gifatwa nko kwica amategeko. Yaba amategeko,yaba umwuka wayo, cyangwa ubusesenguzi bw’abanyamategeko n’imyanzuro y’inkiko ku isi hose, byose hamwe byemeza ko umuntu ukekwaho icyaha adakwiriye gushyirwa imbere y’itangazamakuru afunze amapingu mu buryo bushobora gutuma rubanda rumufata nk’uwamaze kugaragara ko ari umunyabyaha, kandi urukiko rutaramuhamya icyo cyaha.
Kubera iki binyuranyije n’ubutabera?
(1)Ibi bikorwa byica ihame ry’ibanze twabonye haruguru ryitwa présomption d’innocence : kwerekana umuntu wambaye amapingu, ufashwe na polisi, hamwe no gusomera mu ruhame ibyaha akekwaho cyangwa ashinjwa bifatwa muri rubanda nko kumushinja no kumuhamya icyaha ku mugaragaro kandi “akiri umwere”.
(2) Nanone ni igikorwa gitesha agaciro umuntu (dignité humaine ): uwerekanywe aba aciriwe urubanza kuko icyasha aba ashyizweho kiba kizamugumaho muri rubanda. Ni nk’aho aba ahawe igihano (châtiment public )nta rubanza rubaye. Ibi bituma ata agaciro kandi izina rye n’isura ye bikangizwa.
(3) Ni igikorwa cyo kwangiza umuntu bidasubirwaho (préjudice irréparable) : N’ubwo uwo muntu yazagirwa umwere nyuma yaho, amashusho ye akozwa isoni aguma hose mu binyamakuru bicapye,ku mbuga nkoranyambaga no kuri internet. Bishobora kwangiza akazi ke, umuryango we, ishema rye, ubutazasibangana bitewe n’icyaha yashyizeweho.Bishobora no kumutera uburwayi no kwangirika mu byiyumvo.
(4) Nanone kumanikwa ahantu hose bishobora kuzagira uruhare mu rubanza rwe (Influence sur les jurés) :Umucamanza uri mu rugo ubonye ayo mashusho ashobora gutangira kubogamira ku bugenzacyaha na polisi cyangwa ku k’ukekwaho icyaha, ku makuru yasakaye, maze yazicara mu nteko iburanisha akajyamo afite uruhande yamaze kubogamiraho mu mutima we. Ibyo byangiza ubutabera.
C. Icyo Amategeko amwe n’amwe abivugaho
Mu Bufaransa, Itegeko ryo ku wa 15 Kamena 2000 rizwi nka « Loi Guigou » rishimangira ingingo ya 35 ter y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 29 Nyakanga 1881 ryerekeye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru iteganya ko, umuntu utarahamijwe n’urukiko (ukekwaho gusa icyaha), ifoto ye imugaragaza ari mu mapingu cyangwa aboshywe, cyangwa afunzwe by’agateganyo, idashobora gutangazwa nta burenganzira bwe. Iyo itangajwe nta burenganzira bwe bwite atanze, nyuma akabiregera, ishobora guhanishwa ihazabu y’amayero 15.000.Uretse ibyo, ashobora no kwitabaza inkiko kugira ngo asabe ko ikwirakwizwa ry’amashusho rihagarikwa kandi, bitewe n’ibibazo byatewe na ryo, agasaba indishyi.
Nanone Ingingo ya 803 y’Igitabo cy’Amategeko Agenga Imiburanishirize y’Imanza Mpanabyaha iteganya ko umuntu ashobora gushyirwa mu mapingu cyangwa akabohwa gusa iyo afatwa nk’ushobora guteza akaga abandi cyangwa we ubwe;cyangwa hari impungenge z’uko ashobora gutoroka.
Iyo umuntu ashyizwe mu mapingu cyangwa aboshywe muri ubwo buryo, inzego zibishinzwe zigomba gufata ingamba zose zikenewe kugira ngo uwo muntu adafatwa amafoto cyangwa amashusho ari mu mapingu cyangwa aboshye, mu gihe ibyo bishobora gukorwa bitabangamiye umutekano.
Inzego z’umutekano ntizigomba gutegura ku bushake igikorwa cyo kwerekana umuntu ukekwaho icyaha imbere y’abanyamakuru, ku buryo bituma abantu bamubona nk’umunyabyaha wamaze guhamwa n’icyaha. Kuba umuntu ari mu mapingu ubwabyo ntibihagije kugira ngo avugwe nk’uwahamwe n’icyaha. Gufungwa amapingu bishobora kuba ingamba z’umutekano, ariko ntibihindura umuntu umunyabyaha mu rwego rw’amategeko.
Iyo umuntu ukekwaho icyaha ariko utarahamijwe n’urukiko agaragajwe ku buryo agaragara mu mapingu cyangwa aboshye, itangazwa ry’ayo mashusho cyangwa amafoto nta burenganzira bwe rishobora guhanishwa igihano giteganywa n’amategeko, cyane cyane hakurikijwe ingingo ya 35 ter y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 29 Nyakanga 1881.
Mu Rwanda: Amategeko n’imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha mu Rwanda [Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019] (O.7.6) nta ngingo n’imwe y’amategeko iha ububasha inzego zishinzwe kubahiriza amategeko, nka polisi cyangwa Rwanda Investigation Bureau (RIB), bwo kwerekana mu ruhame abantu bakekwaho ibyaha batarahamwa n’ibyaha, cyangwa kubashyira ahagaragara kugira ngo itangazamakuru n’abaturage babacire urubanza mbere y’uko urubanza rwabo ruburanishwa n’urukiko.
Amategeko n’imyanzuro y’inkiko mu Rwanda, hamwe n’Itegeko Nº 027/2019, bishimangira ihame rivuga ko umuntu wese ushinjwa icyaha afatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumaze kugaragaza ko ahamwa n’icyaha mu buryo budasubirwaho.
Kwerekana abantu bakekwaho ibyaha baboshye amapingu, cyangwa kubahatira kwemera ibyaha imbere ya kamera, bishobora kubangamira uburenganzira butandukanye burengerwa n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda harimo icyubahiro n’agaciro ka muntu biteganywa n’Ingingo ya 13; kurindwa ibikorwa by’ubugome cyangwa ibitesha umuntu agaciro, biteganywa n’Ingingo ya 14;n’uburenganzira bwo kubahirizwa ubuzima bwite, biteganywa n’Ingingo ya 23.
(4) Umwanzuro
Amategeko yose, imyanzuro yose y’Inkiko, yewe ndetse n’Amasesengura yose y’Abanyamategeko hakubiyemo abarimu ba za Kaminuza zigisha amategeko yaba ayo mu Rwanda, mu Karere ka Afurika y’Iburasirazuba, muri Afurika, no mu isi hose, bahuriza ku mwanzuro w’uko umuntu ukekwaho icyaha aba atari umunyabyaha kubera gusa ko yafashwe cyangwa yashyizwe mu mapingu. Ahamwa n’icyaha ari uko urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rubigaragaje hakurikijwe amategeko.
Ni yo mpamvu kwereka itangazamakuru na rubanda amasura n’amadosiye y’akakekwaho ibyaha “bakiri abere” bari mu mapingu mu buryo butuma rubanda rubafata nk’abamaze guhamwa n’icyaha bidakwiriye kuko bishobora kubangamira ihame ryo gufatwa nk’umwere n’icyubahiro cya muntu.
Isomo rirarangiye!
Hari ibibazo?
Mwalimu Hakizimana Maurice ni umwarimu (enseignant) umusemuzi n’umuhinduzi (traducteur-interprète) n’umwanditsi (écrivain) ukorera i Paris,mu Bufaransa.
Mwalimu Hakizimana Maurice ni umwanditsi w’igitabo “UTABA AMATEKA NTABONA ITAKA” Editions Scribes cyavuyemo iyi nyandiko yose.
Igitabo UTABA AMATEKA NTABONA ITAKA kiboneka gicapye kuri Amazon unyuze hano:
https://sellercentral.amazon.com/nms/redirect/98e82759-1a8e-30da-b03d-97ecd6fa2281?nt=PRINT_LISTING&sk=BHA8IdY56n9BoLFaPNd1bWm5-xgcP2zJgEk5Dnxeqdwdhyo_EcOiXVfOw2gMApbV9-HvwpATOID5XhQ8TNzZwg&n=1&u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYW1hem9uLmNvbS9kcC8yOTMxMjY2MjIx.
UTABA AMATEKA NTABONA ITAKA kiboneka no muri format électronique (soft copy) unyuze hano: https://www.amazon.it/Utaba-Amateka-Ntabona-Itaka-Afrikaans-ebook/dp/B0GTQZ4CBC?fbclid=IwVERDUARzok1leHRuA2Flb
KWAMAMAZA
TIDAS – Traduction (guhindura mu ndimi inyandiko), Interprétariat (gusemura) &Accompagnement dans vos démarches d’asile et de séjour en France” (gufasha byose mu bijyanye n’amadosiye asaba ubuhunzi, gutura, no kubona ibyangombwa byose byo gukorera no kuba mu Bufaransa)
Murakaza neza muri TIDAS
Intego yacu: gufasha abanyamahanga baba mu Bufaransa guhangana n’imbogamizi z’ururimi n’iz’ibyangombwa byose.
Serivisi zacu:
Itumanaho n’ubusemuzi mu gihe cyo guhura n’abategetsi cyangwa gushyira ku murongo dosiye zawe Kugufasha dosiye zo gusaba ubuhungiro
Ubufasha bwose mu bijyanye n’amadosiye yo gutura, no kubona ibyangombwa byose byo gukorera,kwiga no kuba mu Bufaransa
Hamwe na TIDAS, ubona serivisi ya kinyamwuga, yemewe n’amategeko; yita ku bantu kandi yizewe.Twizera ko buri muntu akwiye gutegwa amatwi no gufashwa.
Twandikire uyu munsi tuvugane ku mushinga wawe kuri (+33) 07 58 90 35 49 cyangwa utwandikire kuri tidasetvous@gmail.com
