La Saint-Valentin — Mais qui était ce “Valentin” et quelle en est l’origine?

HAKIZIMANA Maurice

Le 14 février,le jour de la Saint-Valentin, une fête des amoureux, des cartes et des cadeaux! Si de nos jours la Saint-Valentin est largement associée au romantisme (et aux prouesses commerciales des chocolatiers, restaurants et fleuristes), la fête des amoureux n’aurait pas toujours été si romantique. Mais d’où cette coutume tire-​t-​elle son origine? On en discute? Allons-y.

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Une encyclopédie nous apprend que “La Saint-Valentin tombe le jour de la fête de deux martyrs nommés Valentin.Mais les coutumes attachées à ce jour (…)viennent probablement d’une ancienne fête romaine,LUPERCAL qui était célébrée le 15 Février.Cette solennité honorait JUNON ,déesse romaine des femmes et du marriage,ainsi que PAN ,le dieu de la nature”. —The world Book Encyclopaedia (1973),tome XX,p.204.

JUNON ,déesse romaine des femmes et du marriage

PAN ,le dieu de la nature

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L’ouvrage Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable dit: “Valentin (Saint), prêtre de Rome qui fut emprisonné pour avoir porté secours aux chrétiens persécutés. Il se convertit et (…) fut battu à mort. Sa fête tombe le 14 février (…).

Valentin-qui était-il?

The World Book Encyclopedia fournit des renseignements supplémentaires. On peut y lire ce qui suit à propos des diverses explications avancées sur les pratiques de la Saint-Valentin:

“Selon une de ces versions, au IIIe siècle de notre ère, l’empereur romain Claude II interdit aux jeunes hommes de se marier. L’empereur pensait que les célibataires faisaient de meilleurs soldats. Un prêtre appelé Valentin se mit à désobéir à l’ordre impérial en mariant secrètement de jeunes couples. (…) De nombreux récits indiquent que Valentin fut exécuté vers 269 de notre ère, un 14 février. C’est en 496 que le pape Gélase Ier donna au 14 février le nom de Saint-Valentin.”

Depuis 1496, Saint Valentin est officiellement le Saint Patron des Amoureux, sur ordre du Pape Alexandre VI. A cette époque, la protection de ce Saint Patron s’appliquait surtout aux célibataires qui cherchaient l’âme sœur. Les festivités de la St Valentin visaient précisément à donner aux jeunes célibataires l’occasion de trouver un partenaire pour la vie. Différentes coutumes existaient selon les régions, comme par exemple la partie de cache-cache où les jeunes filles célibataires d’un village se cachaient tandis que les hommes célibataires se donnaient pour objectif de les retrouver. Les couples ainsi formés pouvaient durer le temps de la soirée ou aller jusqu’au mariage !

La très ancienne origine de la Saint Valentin:fêtes romaine antique Lupercal

L’ancienne coutume qui consistait à choisir sa Valentine n’avait que peu de rapport avec le saint. C’était avant tout une réminiscence de la fête romaine antique Lupercal (…) ou encore une analogie avec la saison des amours chez les oiseaux. Elle était marquée par la remise de cadeaux. Le nom de la fête viendrait de celui des prêtres romains de Faunus, les Luperques, qui avaient pour habitude de sacrifier un bouc dans la grotte du Lupercal à cette occasion, assistés de deux jeunes hommes simplement vêtus d’un pagne et d’une peau d’animal.

Une ode à la fécondité?

Certains écrits rapportent que le prêtre qui procédait au sacrifice entaillait le front des jeunes hommes de sorte à répandre leur sang sur une pelote de laine imbibée de lait. Ceux-ci partaient alors dans les rues de Rome fouetter, à l’aide de lanières taillées dans la peau de l’animal sacrifié, les femmes souhaitant avoir un enfant dans l’année afin de les rendre fécondes. D’autres sources avancent que les hommes assistant à la cérémonie s’enveloppaient le corps dans la peau du bouc sacrifié dans le but d’accroître leur fertilité.

De nos jours, on envoie des cartes sur lesquelles sont dessinés des Cupidons, des cœurs transpercés, etc. Quel rapport y a-​t-​il donc entre Cupidon et le jour de la Saint-Valentin?

Ce même ouvrage d’indiquer:

“Cupidon (latin cupido, désir, amour). Dieu romain de l’amour que l’on identifie à Éros chez les Grecs. Il est habituellement représenté sous les traits d’un beau petit garçon portant des ailes, ayant les yeux bandés, et tenant un arc et des flèches.”

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fête lupercales origines saint Valentin tableau art peinture

“Lupercalia”, musée du Prado, Madrid – Crédits : Wikimedia Commons

Un rite de passage et de purification

Les Lupercales étaient aussi considérées comme une fête de purification et de passage (sacrifice animal symbolisant la mort, bouc évoquant la fécondité et la renaissance), et auraient fait appel à des rites très anciens attribués à Évandre, héros légendaire des origines de Rome.

À la fin du 5e siècle, le pape Gélase Ier souhaite mettre fin aux Lupercales afin de résoudre les querelles politique avec l’aristocratie. Mais l’arrêt définitif de la célébration païenne serait plutôt dûe à la conquête byzantine sous Justinien, au VIe siècle.

Lupercales fête Rome gravure histoire
Lupercales à Rome vers 1578–1610, dessin du cercle d’Adam Elsheimer – Crédits : Wikimedia Commons

Quel lien avec la Saint-Valentin ?

Bien que le lien avec les Lupercales soit récurrent, les historiens ne s’accordent pas tous sur les origines de la Saint-Valentin. Quand les uns font le rapprochement avec le poète anglais Geoffrey Chaucer et la naissance de l’amour courtois, les autres avancent que c’est l’Église catholique qui transforma le 14 février en un jour de fête rendant hommage au martyr Valentin.

D’autres encore affirment que l’origine de la fête des amoureux remonte au XIVe siècle dans la Grande-Bretagne catholique. Le 14 février aurait ainsi été considéré dans le pays comme la célébration de l’amour, car on pensait que les oiseaux choisissaient ce jour particulier pour s’accoupler.

Les saints Valentin, des martyrs exécutés le 14 février

Au moins trois saints du nom de Valentin auraient été des martyrs du IIIe et Ve siècles, tous exécutés un 14 février. Parmi eux :

  • Valentin de Rome* : prêtre romain enterré sur la Via Flaminia (IIIe siècle).
  • Valentin de Terni* : moine (ou prêtre) décapité à Rome (IIIe siècle).
  • Valentin de Rhétie : moine chrétien itinérant (Ve siècle).

Selon le Martyrologe romain de 1705, les deux premiers Valentin seraient en fait une seule et même personne, présentée sous ses deux fonctions successives.

Saint Valentin fleurs chocolats coeur champagne fête
Crédits : Fascinadora/iStock

Conclusion

Quelle que soit l’origine exacte de cette fête, il apparaît clairement qu’elle puise aux anciennes croyances païennes et au catalogue des “saints” établi par l’Eglise catholique et la toute la chrétienté. Le jour de la Saint-Valentin sert également de prétexte supplémentaire à l’exploitation commerciale d’un public généralement mal renseigné.

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